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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 16(3)

Wildland–urban interface housing growth during the 1990s in California, Oregon, and Washington

Roger B. Hammer A E , Volker C. Radeloff B , Jeremy S. Fried C and Susan I. Stewart D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Sociology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

B Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

C Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR 97208, USA.

D North Central Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.

E Corresponding author. Email: rhammer@oregonstate.edu

International Journal of Wildland Fire 16(3) 255-265 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05077
Submitted: 17 August 2005  Accepted: 22 August 2006   Published: 3 July 2007

Abstract

In the present study, we examine housing growth in California, Oregon, and Washington in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), the area where homes and other structures abut or intermingle with wildland vegetation. We combine housing density information from the 1990 and 2000 USA censuses with land cover information from the 1992/93 National Land Cover Dataset to demarcate the location and extent of the WUI and its growth, both in terms of area and number of housing units during the 1990s. We overlay the WUI with coarse-scale fire regime condition class information to evaluate implications for wildland fire management. During the 1990s, WUI area in the three-state region increased by 5218 km2 (10.9%) to nearly 53 000 km2 and the number of housing units in the WUI increased over 1 million units (17.6%) and in 2000 encompassed 6.9 million units, 43% of all housing in the region. Over a million new homes were constructed in the WUI, comprising 61% of the new homes constructed in the region. By 2000, there was far more intermix WUI (75% of the WUI area and 64% of the WUI housing units) than interface WUI. Expansion of the WUI accounted for only 13% of WUI housing unit growth and WUI that existed in 1990 encompassed 98% of WUI housing units in 2000. In 2000, there were nearly 1.5 million WUI housing units in areas with 0–35-year fire return intervals and 3.4 million in areas with 35–100+ year fire return intervals. In both these fire regimes, the majority of WUI housing units (66% and 90% respectively) are in areas with a current condition outside the historic range of variability. Housing growth patterns in this three-state region are exacerbating wildland fire problems in the WUI. Any long-term solution to wildland fire issues in the western United States will have to address housing growth patterns. Using a consistent, nationally applicable assessment protocol, the present study reveals the vast extent of WUI in the west coast states and its growth in the 1990s, and provides a foundation for consistent monitoring efforts.


Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the comments provided by two anonymous reviewers, which significantly improved this manuscript and for financial support provided by the USDA Forest Service through two sources: the Pacific Northwest Research Station’s Forest Inventory and Analysis Programme and the North Central Research Station via the National Fire Plan and the Northern Global Change Programme.


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