Protection and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: emerging challenges and potential approaches for policy and management
Heather MacKayWater Research Commission, Private Bag X03, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa. Email: mackayh@gmail.com
Australian Journal of Botany 54(2) 231-237 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT05047
Submitted: 8 March 2005 Accepted: 18 August 2005 Published: 5 April 2006
Abstract
The protection of ecosystems associated with groundwater, and thus potentially vulnerable to groundwater exploitation, is only now being recognised as an important aspect of water management. Although there has been a gradual increase in scientific understanding of the links between groundwater availability and ecosystem health, a significant challenge remains in the development and implementation of policy that adequately addresses the protection of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. There is no single right way to solve the problem of protecting groundwater-dependent ecosystems, while still allowing the use of groundwater to support social and economic development, poverty alleviation and improved food and water security. This paper provides a global perspective in examining the potential impacts of the lack of policy, or poor implementation of policy, related to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and discusses emerging approaches in this field. The following two important factors are considered in the paper: first, the difficulty of managing typically local- and regional-scale problems associated with groundwater exploitation, by using national-scale policy interventions and regulation; second, the need to shorten the cycle from science to policy and regulation, and thence to management activities on the ground, in order to encourage policy shifts in the short to medium term that better reflect the available scientific knowledge of groundwater-dependent ecosystems.
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1 The South African water policy of 1997 and the South African National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) do not distinguish between groundwater and surface water, affording the same protections and provisions for both through the water-resource classification system and the ecological reserve (defined in law as the water quantity and water quality required to protect aquatic ecosystems to ensure ecologically sustainable development). Although this is a very significant step forward, the lack of detailed, groundwater-specific provisions in the law and regulation has left several key aspects of groundwater management open to interpretation at operational level. It is this author’s personal observation that the subsequent lack of procedural clarity is making implementation of the ecological protection aspects of the National Water Act quite difficult for groundwater specialists and managers.
