References
[1]
Garibaldi RA, Skolnick D, Lerer T, Poirot A, Graham J, Krisuinas E,
et al
The impact of preoperative skin disinfection on preventing intraoperative wound contamination.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988
; 9: 109–13.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[2]
Crosby CT, Mares AK.
Skin antisepsis: past, present and future.
J Vasc Access Devices 2001
; 6: 26–31.
|
CrossRef |
[3]
Food and Drug Administration
Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products; Proposed Rules.
Fed Regist 1994
; 59: 31401–52.
[4]
Paulson DS. Handbook of Topical Antimicrobials. Industrial Applications in Consumer Products and Pharmaceuticals. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003.
[5]
O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Patchen Dellinger E, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG,
et al
Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002
; 23: 759–69.
|
CrossRef |
[6]
O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Patchen Dellinger E, Garland J, Heard SO,
et al. CDC Guideline for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011. Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/BSI/BSI-guidelines-2011.html [verified 26 April 2012].
[7]
Nihon Seiyaku Dantai Rengokai. Iryoyou-Iyakuhin Saihyouka no Goannai. 1985; 24: 3739 [in Japanese].
[8]
ASTM standard E1173-01. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Preoperative, Precatheterization, or Preinjection Skin Preparations. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA; 2009.
[9]
ASTM Standard E1054-08. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Preoperative, Precatheterization, or Preinjection Skin Preparations. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA; 2008.
[10]
Holtz TH, Wenzel RP.
Post discharge surveillance for nosocomial wound infection: a brief review and commentary.
Am J Infect Control 1992
; 20: 206–13.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[11]
Kampf G, Kramer A.
Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs.
Clin Microbiol Rev 2004
; 17: 863–93.
|
CrossRef |
[12]
Lilly HA, Lowbury EJL, Wilkins MD.
Detergents compared with each other and with antiseptics as skin “degerming” agents.
J Hyg (Lond) 1979
; 82: 89–93.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[13]
Pottinger JM, Starks SE, Steelman VM.
Skin preparation.
Perioper Nurs Clin 2006
; 1: 203–10.
|
CrossRef |
[14]
Kampf G, Ostermeyer C, Heeg P, Paulson DS.
Evaluation of two methods of determining the efficacies of two alcohol-based hand rubs for surgical hand antisepsis.
Appl Environ Microbiol 2006
; 72: 3856–61.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[15]
Paulson D.
Hand scrub products – performance requirements versus clinical relevance.
AORN J 2004
; 80: 225–34.
|
CrossRef |
[16]
Rotter M, Sattar S, Dharan S, Allegranzi B, Mathai E, Pittet D.
Methods to evaluate the microbial activities of hand-rub and hand-wash agents.
J Hosp Infect 2009
; 73: 191–9.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[17]
Maki DG, Knasinski V, Narans LL. A Randomized Trial of a Novel 1% Chlorhexidine–75% Alcohol Tincture vs. 10% Povidone–Iodine for Cutaneous Disinfection with Vascular Catheters. Toronto: Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 2001.
[18]
Humar A, Ostromecki A, Direnfeld J, Marshal JC, Lazar N, Houston PC,
et al
Prospective randomized trial of 10% povidone–iodine versus 0.5% tincture of chlorhexidine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of central venous catheter infection.
Clin Infect Dis 2000
; 31: 1001–7.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[19]
Vallés J, Fernandez I, Alcaraz D, Chacón E, Carzorla A, Canals M,
et al
Prospective randomized trial of 3 antiseptic solutions for prevention of catheter colonization in an intensive care unit for adult patients.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008
; 29: 847–53.
|
CrossRef |
[20]
Reichel M, Heisig P, Kohlmann T, Kampf G.
Alcohols for skin antisepsis at clinically relevant skin sites.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009
; 53: 4778–82.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[21]
Hibbard JS, Mulberry GK, Brady AR.
A clinical study comparing the skin antisepsis and safety of chloraprep, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and 2% aqueous chlorhexidine.
J Infus Nurs 2002
; 25: 244–9.
|
CrossRef |
[22]
Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Foglia AN, Wahrman JE, Gropper CN, Vowels BR.
A new method for in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial agents by translocation of complex dense populations of cutaneous bacteria.
Skin Pharmacol 1996
; 9: 60–8.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[23]
Maki DG, Ringer M, Alvarado CJ.
Prospective, randomized trial of povidone–iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters.
Lancet 1991
; 338: 339–43.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[24]
Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S.
Chlorhexidine compared with povidone–iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med 2002
; 136: 792–801.
|
CAS |
[25]
Darouiche R, Wall M, Itani M, Itani KMF, Otterson MF, Webb AL,
et al
Chlorhexidine–alcohol versus povidone–iodine for surgical-site antisepsis.
N Engl J Med 2010
; 362: 18–26.
|
CrossRef |
CAS |
[26]
Swenson BR, Hendrick TL, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG.
Effects of preoperative skin preparation on postoperative wound infection rates: A prospective study of 3 skin preparation protocols.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009
; 30: 964–71.
|
CrossRef |
[27]
Tanimura H, Okubo T.
Antisepsis effect of insertion site of central venous catheter.
Jpn J Environ Infect 2010
; 25: 281–5.
|
CrossRef |