References

Accad, A., Neldner, V. J., Wilson, B. A., and Niehus, R. E. (2006). ‘Remnant Vegetation in Queensland. Analysis of Remnant Vegetation 1997–1999–2000–2001–2003, including Regional Ecosystem Information.’ (Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency: Brisbane.)

Boer, M., and Stafford Smith, M. (2003). A plant functional approach to the prediction of changes in Australain rangeland vegetation under grazing and fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 333–344.
| CrossRef |

Bostock, P. D., and Holland, A. E. (2010). ‘Census of the Queensland Flora.’ (Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Resource Management: Brisbane.)

Butler, D. W., and Fairfax, R. J. (2003). Buffel grass and fire in a gidgee and brigalow woodland: a case study from central Queensland. Ecological Management & Restoration 4, 120–125.
| CrossRef |

Clarke, K. R., and Gorley, R. N. (2006). ‘PRIMER v6 User Manual and Program.’ (PRIMER-E Ltd: Plymouth, UK.)

DERM (2011). Land Cover Change in Queensland 2008–09: A State-wide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) Report, 2011. Department of Environment and Resource Management, Brisbane.

Eldridge, D. J., and Freudenberger, D. (2005). Ecosystem wicks: woodland trees enhance water infiltration in a fragmented agricultural landscape in eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 30, 336–347.
| CrossRef |

Eyre, T. J., Wang, J., Venz, M. F., Chilcott, C., and Whish, G. (2009). Buffel grass in Queensland’s semi-arid woodlands: response to local and landscape scale variables, and relationship with grass, forb and reptile species. The Rangeland Journal 31, 293–305.
| CrossRef |

Fensham, R. J., and Holman, J. E. (1999). Temporal and spatial patterns in drought-related tree dieback in Australian savanna. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 1035–1050.
| CrossRef |

Fensham, R. J., and Skull, S. D. (1999). Before cattle: a comparative floristic study of Eucalyptus savanna grazed by macropods and cattle in north Queensland, Australia. Biotropica 31, 37–47.

Fensham, R. J., Fairfax, R. J., and Buckley, Y. M. (2008). An experimental study of fire and moisture stress on the survivorship of savanna eucalypt seedlings. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 693–697.
| CrossRef |

Fensham, R. J., Fairfax, R. J., and Ward, D. P. (2009). Drought-induced tree death in savanna. Global Change Biology 15, 380–387.
| CrossRef |

Foley, J. C. (1957). ‘Droughts in Australia. Review of Records from the Earliest Settlement to 1955.’ Bulletin No. 47. (Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia: Melbourne.)

Franks, A. J. (2002). The ecological consequences of Buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris, establishment within remnant vegetation of Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 8, 99–107.

Friedel, M. H., Sparrow, A. D., Kinloch, J. E., and Tongway, D. J. (2003). Degradation and recovery processes in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 2: Vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments 55, 327–348.
| CrossRef |

Garnett, S. T., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Crowley, G. M., and Kutt, A. S. (2010). Biodiversity conservation in Australian tropical rangelands. In: ‘Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi-arid Ecosystems’. (Eds J. D. Toit, R. Kock and J. Deutsch.) pp. 191–234. (Blackwell Scientific: London.)

Houlder, D. J., Hutchinson, M. F., Nix, H. A., and McMahon, J. P. (2000). ‘ANUCLIM User Guide, 5.1 edn.’ (Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University: Canberra.)

Jackson, J. (2005). Is there a relationship between herbaceous species richness and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)? Austral Ecology 30, 505–517.
| CrossRef |

Jeffrey, S. J., Carter, J. O., Moodie, K. B., and Beswick, A. R. (2001). Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data. Environmental Modelling & Software 16, 309–330.
| CrossRef |

Jones, R. J. (1997). Steer gains, pasture yield and pasture composition on native pasture and on native pasture oversown with Indian couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) at three stocking rates. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 755–765.
| CrossRef |

Kutt, A. S., and Fisher, A. (2010). Ant assemblages change with increasing dominance of an exotic pasture grass in a tropical savanna woodland. Ecological Management & Restoration 11, 67–69.
| CrossRef |

Kutt, A. S., and Fisher, A. (2011). Increased grazing and dominance of an exotic pasture (Bothriochloa pertusa) affects vertebrate fauna species composition, abundance and habitat in savanna woodland. The Rangeland Journal 33, 49–58.
| CrossRef |

Kutt, A. S., and Woinarski, J. C. Z. (2007). The effects of grazing and fire on vegetation and the vertebrate assemblage in a tropical savanna woodland in north-eastern Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, 95–106.
| CrossRef |

Landsberg, J., Lavorel, S., and Stol, J. (1999). Grazing response groups among understorey plants in arid rangelands. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 683–696.
| CrossRef |

MacDougall, A. S., and Turkington, R. (2005). Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86, 42–55.
| CrossRef |

MacLeod, N. D., Ash, A. J., and McIvor, J. G. (2004). An economic assessment of the impact of grazing land condition on livestock performance in tropical woodlands. The Rangeland Journal 26, 49–71.
| CrossRef |

McIvor, J. G. (1998). Pasture management in semi-arid tropical woodlands: effects on species diversity. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 349–364.
| CrossRef |

McIvor, J. G. (2004). Pasture management in semi-arid tropical woodlands: levels of germinable seeds in soil and faeces of cattle grazing Stylosanthes pastures. Tropical Grasslands 38, 129–139.

McIvor, J. G. (2007). Pasture management in semi-arid tropical woodlands: dynamics of perennial grasses. The Rangeland Journal 29, 87–100.
| CrossRef |

McIvor, J. G., and Gardener, C. J. (1994). Germinable soil seed banks in native pastures in North-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 1113–1119.
| CrossRef |

Miller, G., Friedel, M., Adam, P., and Chewings, V. (2010). Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia – does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback? The Rangeland Journal 32, 353–365.
| CrossRef |

Mueller-Dombois, D., and Ellenberg, H. (1974). ‘Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology’. (John Wiley & Sons: New York.)

Orr, D. M., and O’Reagain, P. J. (2011). Managing for rainfall variability: impacts of grazing strategies on perennial grass dynamics in a dry tropical savanna. The Rangeland Journal 33, 209–220.
| CrossRef |

Ostoja, S. M., and Schupp, E. W. (2009). Conversion of sagebrush shrublands to exotic annual grasslands negatively impacts small mammal communities. Diversity & Distributions 15, 863–870.
| CrossRef |

Prior, L. D., Williams, R. J., and Bowman, D. (2010). Experimental evidence that fire causes a tree recruitment bottleneck in an Australian tropical savanna. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, 595–603.
| CrossRef |

Rogers, L. G., Cannon, M. G., and Barry, E. V. (1999). ‘Land Resources of the Dalrymple Shire.’ Vols 1 and 2 (and Appendices). (Department of Natural Resources, Queensland: Brisbane.)

Rossiter-Rachor, N. A., Setterfield, S. A., Douglas, M. M., Hutley, L. B., Cook, G. D., and Schmidt, S. (2009). Invasive Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) is an ecosystem transformer of nitrogen relations in Australian savanna. Ecological Applications 19, 1546–1560.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Schmidt, C. D., Hickman, K. R., Channell, R., Harmoney, K., and Stark, W. (2008). Competitive abilities of native grasses and non-native (Bothriochloa spp.) grasses. Plant Ecology 197, 69–80.
| CrossRef |

Setterfield, S. A., Rossiter-Rachor, N. A., Hutley, L. B., Douglas, M. M., and Williams, R. J. (2010). Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas. Diversity & Distributions 16, 854–861.
| CrossRef |

Smyth, A., Friedel, M., and O’Malley, C. (2009). The influence of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) on biodiversity in an arid Australian landscape. The Rangeland Journal 31, 307–320.
| CrossRef |

Truong, P. N., and McDowell, M. (1985). Indian bluegrass for soil conservation and land stabilization in Queensland. Journal of Soil Conservation of N.S.W. 41, 38–43.

Williams, D. G., and Baruch, Z. (2000). African grass invasion in the Americas: ecosystem consequences and the role of ecophysiology. Biological Invasions 2, 123–140.
| CrossRef |