References

Acuna MA, Palma CD, Cui W, Martell DL, Weintraub A (2010) Integrated spatial fire and forest management planning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 2370–2383.
| CrossRef |

Ager AA, Finney MA, Kerns BK, Maffei H (2007) Modeling wildfire risk to northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat in Central Oregon, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 246, 45–56.
| CrossRef |

Ager AA, Finney MA, McMahan A, Cathcart J (2010a) Measuring the effect of fuel treatments on forest carbon using landscape risk analysis. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, 2515–2526.
| CrossRef |

Ager AA, Vaillant NM, Finney MA (2010b) A comparison of landscape fuel treatment strategies to mitigate wildland fire risk in the urban interface and preserve old forest structure. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 1556–1570.
| CrossRef |

Ager AA, Vaillant NM, Finney MA, Preisler HK (2012) Analyzing wildfire exposure and source-sink relationships on a fire-prone forest landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 267, 271–283.
| CrossRef |

Alexander ME, Stocks BJ, Lawson BD (1996) The Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System. Initial Attack 1996, 6–9.

Andreu A, Hermansen-Báez LA (2008) Fire in the South 2: the southern wildfire risk assessment. A report by the Southern Group of State Foresters. Available at http://www.southernwildfirerisk.com/reports/FireInTheSouth2.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

Andrews PL (2007) BehavePlus fire modeling system: past, present, and future. In ‘Proceedings of 7th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorological Society,’ 23–25 October 2007, Bar Harbor, ME. Paper J2.1. (American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA) Available at https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/126669.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

Andrews PL, Finney MA, Fischetti M (2007) Predicting wildfires. Scientific American 297, 46–55.
| CrossRef |

Atkinson D, Chladil M, Janssen V, Lucieer A (2010) Implementation of quantitative bushfire risk analysis in a GIS environment. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 649–658.
| CrossRef |

Bachmann A, Allgower B (2001) A consistent wildland fire risk terminology is needed! Fire Management Today 61, 28–33.

Bar Massada AB, Radeloff VC, Stewart SI, Hawbaker TJ (2009) Wildfire risk in the wildland–urban interface: a simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 1990–1999.
| CrossRef |

Black A, Opperman T (2005) Fire effects planning framework: a user’s guide. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report GTR-RMRS-163WWW. (Fort Collins, CO)

Braun WJ, Jones BL, Lee JSW, Woolford DG, Wotton BM (2010) Forest fire risk assessment: an illustrative example from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Probability and Statistics 2010, 823018
| CrossRef |

Brillinger DR (2010) Some examples of the communication of risk and uncertainty. Environmetrics 21, 719–727.
| CrossRef |

Calkin DE, Ager AA, Gilbertson-Day J (2010) Wildfire risk and hazard: procedures for the first approximation. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-235. (Fort Collins, CO)

Calkin DC, Finney MA, Ager AA, Thompson MP, Gebert KM (2011a) Progress towards and barriers to implementation of a risk framework for US federal wildland fire policy and decision making. Forest Policy and Economics 13, 378–389.
| CrossRef |

Calkin DE, Thompson MP, Finney MA, Hyde KD (2011b) A real-time risk-assessment tool supporting wildland fire decision-making. Journal of Forestry 109, 274–280.

Calkin D, Ager A, Thompson M (2011c) A comparative risk assessment framework for wildland fire management: the 2010 cohesive strategy science report. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-262. (Fort Collins, CO)

Carmel Y, Paz S, Jahashan F, Shoshany M (2009) Assessing fire risk using Monte Carlo simulations of fire spread. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 370–377.
| CrossRef |

Catry FX, Rego FC, Bação FL, Moreira F (2009) Modeling and mapping wildfire ignition risk in Portugal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 921–931.
| CrossRef |

Chuvieco E, Aguado I, Yebra M, Nieto H, Salas J, Martín MP, Vilar L, Martínez J, Martín S, Ibarra P, de la Riva J, Baeza J, Rodríguez F, Molina JR, Herrera MA, Zamora R (2010) Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Ecological Modelling 221, 46–58.
| CrossRef |

Cohen JD (2008) The wildland-urban interface fire problem: a consequence of the fire exclusion paradigm. Forest History Today 2008, 20–26.

Crookston NL, Dixon GE (2005) The forest vegetation simulator: a review of its structure, content, and applications. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 49, 60–80.
| CrossRef |

Cruz MG, Alexander ME (2010) Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 377–398.
| CrossRef |

Eidenshink J, Schwind B, Brewer K, Zhu ZL, Quayle B, Howard S (2007) A project for monitoring trends in burn severity. Fire Ecology 3, 3–21.
| CrossRef |

Englefield P, Lee BS, Suddaby RM (2000) Spatial fire management system. In ‘ESRI International User Conference 2000’, 26–30 June 2000, San Diego, CA. Paper 489. (ESRI: San Diego, CA) Available at http://training.esri.com/bibliography/index.cfm?event=general.recordDetail&ID=8648 [Verified 20 August 2012]

Fairbrother A, Turnley JG (2005) Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: application of the risk assessment process. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 28–35.
| CrossRef |

FAO (2007) Fire management – global assessment 2006. A thematic study prepared in the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Forest Management Division, Forest Paper 151. (Rome, Italy) Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0969e/a0969e00.htm [Verified 20 August 2012]

Finney MA (2002) Fire growth using minimum travel time methods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 1420–1424.
| CrossRef |

Finney MA (2005) The challenge of quantitative risk analysis for wildland fire. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 97–108.
| CrossRef |

Finney MA (2006) An overview of FlamMap fire modeling capabilities. In ‘Fuels Management-How to Measure Success: Conference Proceedings’, 28-30 March 2006, Portland, OR. (Eds PL Andrews, BW Butler) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Proceedings RMRS-P-41, pp. 213–220. (Fort Collins, CO)

Finney MA (2007) A computational method for optimising fuel treatment locations. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 702–711.
| CrossRef |

Finney MA, Seli RC, McHugh CW, Ager AA, Bahro B, Agee JK (2007) Simulation of long-term landscape-level fuel treatment effects on large wildfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 712–727.
| CrossRef |

Finney MA, Grenfell IC, McHugh CW, Seli RC, Trethewey D, Stratton RD, Brittain S (2011a) A method for ensemble wildland fire simulation. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 16, 153–167.
| CrossRef |

Finney MA, McHugh CW, Grenfell IC, Riley KL, Short KC (2011b) A simulation of probabilistic wildfire risk components for the continental United States. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 2011, 1–28.

Fiorucci P, Gaetani F, Minciardi R (2008) Development and application of a system for dynamic wildfire risk assessment in Italy. Environmental Modelling & Software 23, 690–702.
| CrossRef |

Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group (1992) Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Forestry Canada, Fire Danger Group and Science and Sustainable Development Directorate, Information Report ST-X-3. (Ottawa)

Fried JS, Gilless JK, Spero J (2006) Analysing initial attack on wildland fires using stochastic simulation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 137–146.
| CrossRef |

GAO (2003a) Forest Service: information on decisions involving fuels reduction activities. US General Accountability Office, GAO-03-689R. (Washington, DC) Available at http://www.gao.gov/assets/100/91867.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

GAO (2003b) Wildland fire management: additional actions required to better identify and prioritize lands needing fuels reduction. US General Accountability Office, GAO-03-805. (Washington, DC) Available at http://www.gao.gov/assets/240/239308.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

GAO (2007) Wildland fire management: better information and a systematic process could improve agencies’ approach to allocating fuel reduction funds and selecting projects. US General Accountability Office, GAO-07-1168. (Washington, DC) Available at http://www.gao.gov/assets/270/267638.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

GAO (2009) Wildland fire management: federal agencies have taken important steps forward, but additional action is needed to address remaining challenges. US General Accountability Office, GAO-09-906T (Washington DC) Available at http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/123076.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

Genton MG, Butry DT, Gumpertz ML, Prestemon JP (2006) Spatio-temporal analysis of wildfire ignitions in the St Johns River Water Management District, Florida. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 87–97.
| CrossRef |

González-Olabarria J-R, Pukkala T (2011) Integrating fire risk considerations in landscape-level forest planning. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 278–287.
| CrossRef |

Guzy MR, Smith CL, Bolte JP, Hulse DW, Gregory SV (2008) Policy research using agent-based modeling to assess future impacts of urban expansion into farmlands and forests. Ecology and Society 13, 37

Haight RG, Fried JS (2007) Deploying wildland fire suppression resources with a scenario-based standard response model. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research 45, 31–39.
| CrossRef |

Haight RG, Cleland DT, Hammer RB, Radeloff VC, Rupp TS (2004) Assessing fire risk in the wildland-urban interface. Journal of Forestry 102, 41–48.

Hamilton D, Bramel J, Helmbrecht D, Jones J, Hann W (2009) First Order Fire Effects Model Mapping Tool (FOFEMMT) for ArcGIS 9.2–9.3 (version 1.1.0). National Interagency Fuels, Fire, & Vegetation Technology Transfer. Available at http://www.fire.org/niftt/released/FOFEMMT_090407.pdf [Verified 20 August 2012]

Hardy CC (2005) Wildland fire hazard and risk: problems, definitions, and context. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 73–82.
| CrossRef |

Hardy CC, Hardy CE (2007) Fire danger rating in the United States of America: an evolution since 1916. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 217–231.
| CrossRef |

Haynes R, Cleaves D (1999) Uncertainty, risk, and ecosystem management. In ‘Ecological Stewardship, Volume III’. (Eds WT Sexton, AJ Malk, RC Szaro, NC Johnson) pp. 413–429. (Elsevier Science Ltd: Oxford, UK)

Hessburg PF, Reynolds KM, Keane RE, James KM, Salter RB (2007) Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 247, 1–17.
| CrossRef |

Hollenstein K (2001) Risk analysis as a tool for policy evaluation: a multi-level comparison example. In ‘Risk Analysis in Forest Management’, pp. 75–112. (Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, the Netherlands)

Keane RE, Cary GJ, Davies ID, Flannigan MD, Gardner RH, Lavorel S, Lenihan JM, Li C, Rupp TS (2004) A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatial simulations of fire and vegetation dynamics. Ecological Modelling 179, 3–27.
| CrossRef |

Keane RE, Drury SA, Karau EC, Hessburg PF, Reynolds KM (2010) A method for mapping fire hazard and risk across multiple scales and its application in fire management. Ecological Modelling 221, 2–18.
| CrossRef |

Konoshima M, Albers HJ, Montgomery CA, Arthur JL (2010) Optimal spatial patterns of fuel management and timber harvest with fire risk. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 95–108.
| CrossRef |

Lasko R (2010) Implementing federal wildland fire policy–responding to change. Fire Management Today 70, 6–8.

Lehmkuhl JF, Kennedy M, Ford ED, Singleton PH, Gaines WL, Lind RL (2007) Seeing the forest for the fuel: Integrating ecological values and fuels management. Forest Ecology and Management 246, 73–80.
| CrossRef |

Loboda T, Csiszar IA (2007) Assessing the risk of ignition in the Russian Far East within a modeling framework of fire threat. Ecological Applications 17, 791–805.
| CrossRef |

Martínez J, Vega-García C, Chuvieco E (2009) Human-caused wildfire risk rating for prevention planning in Spain. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 1241–1252.
| CrossRef |

Massman WJ, Frank JM, Mooney SJ (2010) Advancing investigation and physical modeling of first-order fire effects on soils. Fire Ecology 6, 36–54.
| CrossRef |

McDaniels J (2007) WFDSS: taking decision support into the 21st century. Advances in Fire Practice 2007(Fall), 1–4. (Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center) Available at http://wildfirelessons.net/SearchResults.aspx?q=taking%20decision%20support%20into%20the%2021st%20century [Verified 20 August 2012]

McNicoll CH, Hann WJ (2004) Multi-scale planning and implementation to restore fire-adapted ecosystems and reduce risk to the wildland/urban interface in the Box Creek watershed. In ‘Proceedings of the 22nd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Temperate, Boreal, and Montane Ecosystems’, 15–18 October 2001, Kananaskis, AB. (Eds KEM Galley, WJ de Groot) pp. 294–316. (Tall Timbers Research Station: Tallahassee, FL)

Mell WE, Manzello SL, Maranghides A, Butry D, Rehm DB (2010) The wildland-urban interface fire problem: current approaches and research needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 238–251.
| CrossRef |

Mercer DE, Prestemon JP, Butry DT, Pye JM (2007) Evaluating alternative prescribed burning policies to reduce net economic damages from wildfire. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89, 63–77.
| CrossRef |

Miller C (2003a) The spatial context of fire: a new approach for predicting fire occurrence. In ‘Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000: The First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention and Management’, 27 November–1 December 2000, San Diego, CA. (Eds KEM Galley, RC Klinger, NG Sugihara) pp. 27–34. (Tall Timbers Research Station: Tallahassee, FL)

Miller C (2003b) Wildland fire use: a wilderness perspective on fuel management. In ‘Fire, Fuel Treatments, and Ecological Restoration: Conference Proceedings’, 16–18 April 2002, Fort Collins, CO. (Eds PN Omi, LA Joyce) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Proceedings RMRS-P-29, pp. 379–385. (Fort Collins, CO)

Miller C, Parisien M-A, Ager AA, Finney MA (2008) Evaluating spatially explicit burn probabilities for strategic fire management planning. In ‘Modelling, Monitoring, and Management of Forest Fires’. (Eds J De las Heras, CA Brebbia, D Viegas, V Leone) pp. 245–252. (WIT Press: Boston, MA)

Moghaddas JJ, Collins BM, Menning K, Moghaddas EEY, Stephens SL (2010) Fuel treatment effects on modeled landscape-level fire behavior in the northern Sierra Nevada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 1751–1765.
| CrossRef |

Noss RF, Beier P, Covington WW, Grumbine RE, Lindenmayer DB, Prather JW, Schmiegelow F, Sisk TD, Vosick DJ (2006) Recommendations for integrating restoration ecology and conservation biology in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwestern United States. Restoration Ecology 14, 4–10.
| CrossRef |

Nunes MCS, Vasconcelos MJ, Pereira JMC, Dasgupta N, Alldredge RJ, Rego FC (2005) Land cover type and fire in Portugal: do fires burn land cover selectively? Landscape Ecology 20, 661–673.
| CrossRef |

O’Laughlin J (2005) Conceptual model for comparative ecological risk assessment of wildfire effects on fish, with and without hazardous fuel treatment. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 59–72.
| CrossRef |

Palma CD, Cui W, Martell DL, Robak D, Weintraub A (2007) Assessing the impact of stand-level harvests on the flammability of forest landscapes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 584–592.
| CrossRef |

Parisien M, Junor DR, Kafka VG (2007) Comparing landscape-based decision rules of placement of fuel treatments in the boreal mixedwood of western Canada. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 664–672.
| CrossRef |

Peterson DL, Evers L, Gravenmier RA, Eberhardt E (2007) A consumer guide: tools to manage vegetation and fuels. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-690 (Portland, OR)

Preisler HK, Brillinger DR, Burgan RE, Benoit JW (2004) Probability based models for estimating wildfire risk. International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, 133–142.
| CrossRef |

Preisler HK, Burgan RE, Eidenshink JC, Klaver JM, Klaver RW (2009) Forecasting distributions of large federal-lands fires utilizing satellite and gridded weather information. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 508–516.
| CrossRef |

Prestemon JP, Pye JM, Butry DT, Holmes TP, Mercer DE (2002) Understanding broadscale wildfire risks in a human-dominated landscape. Forest Science 48, 685–693.

Prestemon JP, Butry DT, Abt KL, Sutphen R (2010) Net benefits of wildfire prevention education efforts. Forest Science 56, 181–192.

Reinhardt ED, Crookston NL (2003) The fire and fuels extension to the forest vegetation simulator. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-116 (Ogden, UT)

Reinhardt ED, Dickinson MB (2010) First-order fire effects models for land management: overview and issues. Fire Ecology 6, 131–142.
| CrossRef |

Reinhardt ED, Keane RE, Brown JK (1997) First order fire effects model: FOFEM 4.0, user’s guide. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-GTR-344. (Ogden, UT)

Reinhardt ED, Keane RE, Calkin DE, Cohen JD (2008) Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 1997–2006.
| CrossRef |

Rideout DB, Omi PN (1990) Alternative expressions for the economic theory of forest fire management. Forest Science 36, 614–624.

Rollins MG (2009) LANDFIRE: a nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 235–249.
| CrossRef |

Roloff GJ, Mealey SP, Clay C, Barry J, Yanish C, Neuenschwander L (2005) A process for modeling short- and long-term risk in the southern Oregon Cascades. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 166–190.
| CrossRef |

Rothermel RC (1972) A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper INT-RP-115. (Ogden, UT)

Rothermel RC (1991) Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper INT-438. (Ogden, UT)

Salis M, Arca B, Bacciu V, Spano D, Duce P, Santoni P, Ager A, Finney M (2010) Application of wildfire spread and behavior models to assess fire probability and severity in the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Research Abstracts 12, 12991

Scheller RM, Domingo JB, Sturtevant BR, Williams JS, Rudy A, Gustafson EJ, Mladenoff DJ (2007) Design, development, and application of LANDIS-II, a spatial landscape simulation model with flexible temporal and spatial resolution. Ecological Modelling 201, 409–419.
| CrossRef |

Schmidt D, Taylor AH, Skinner CN (2008) The influence of fuels treatment and landscape arrangement on simulated fire behavior, Southern Cascade range, California. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 3170–3184.
| CrossRef |

Schoennagel T, Nelson CR (2011) Restoration relevance of recent National Fire Plan treatments in forests of the western United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9, 271–277.
| CrossRef |

Scott JH (1999) NEXUS: a system for assessing crown fire hazard. Fire Management Notes 59, 21–24.

Scott JH, Reinhardt ED (2001) Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Research Paper RMRS-RP-29. (Fort Collins, CO)

Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Todd JB, Bosch EM, Wotton BM, Amiro BD, Flannigan MD, Hirsch KG, Logan KA, Martell DL, Skinner WR (2003) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997. Journal of Geophysical Research Published online early 20 December 2002 108, 8149
| CrossRef |

Stratton RD (2006) Guidance on spatial wildland fire analysis: models, tools, and techniques. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-183. (Fort Collins, CO)

Sturtevant BR, Cleland DT (2007) Human and biophysical factors influencing modern fire disturbance in northern Wisconsin. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 398–413.
| CrossRef |

Sturtevant BR, Miranda BR, Yang J, He HS, Gustafson EJS, Scheller RM (2009) Studying fire mitigation strategies in multi-ownership landscapes: balancing the management of fire-dependent ecosystems and fire risk. Ecosystems 12, 445–461.
| CrossRef |

Suffling R, Grant A, Feick R (2008) Modeling prescribed burns to serve as regional firebreaks to allow wildfire activity in protected areas. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 1815–1824.
| CrossRef |

Sullivan AL (2009) Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 1990–2007: 3. Simulation and mathematical analogue models. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 387–403.
| CrossRef |

Syphard AD, Clarke KC, Franklin J (2007a) Simulating fire frequency and urban growth in southern California coastal shrublands, USA. Landscape Ecology 22, 431–445.
| CrossRef |

Syphard AD, Radeloff VC, Keely JE, Hawbaker TJ, Clayton MK, Stewart SI, Hammer RB (2007b) Human influence on California fire regimes. Ecological Applications 17, 1388–1402.
| CrossRef |

Syphard AD, Radeloff VC, Keuler NS, Taylor RS, Hawbaker TJ, Stewart SI, Clayton MK (2008) Predicting spatial patterns of fire on a southern California landscape. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 602–613.
| CrossRef |

Thompson MP, Calkin DE (2011) Uncertainty and risk in wildland fire management: a review. Journal of Environmental Management 92, 1895–1909.
| CrossRef |

Thornton PE, Running SW, White MA (1997) Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain. Journal of Hydrology 190, 214–251.
| CrossRef |

Tolhurst K, Shields B, Chong D (2008) Phoenix: development and application of a bushfire risk management tool. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 23, 47–54.

Van Wagner CE (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7, 23–34.
| CrossRef |

Van Wagner CE (1993) Prediction of crown fire behavior in two stands of jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, 442–449.
| CrossRef |

Varner JM, Keyes CR (2009) Fuels treatments and fire models: errors and corrections. Fire Management Today 69, 47–50.

Vasilakos C, Kalabokidis K, Hatzopoulos J, Kallos G, Matsinos Y (2007) Integrating new methods and tools in fire danger rating. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 306–316.
| CrossRef |

Wei Y, Rideout D, Kirsch A (2008) An optimization model for locating fuel treatments across a landscape to reduce expected fire losses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 868–877.
| CrossRef |

Westerling AL, Hidalgo HG, Cayan DR, Swetnam TW (2006) Warming and earlier spring increase Western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313, 940–943.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Yang J, He HS, Shifley SR (2008) Spatial controls of occurrence and spread of wildfires in the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Ecological Applications 18, 1212–1225.
| CrossRef |

Zachariassen J, Zeller KF, Nikolov N, McClelland T (2003) A review of the Forest Service remote automated weather station (RAWS) network. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-119. (Fort Collins, CO)