Register      Login
Australian Journal of Chemistry Australian Journal of Chemistry Society
An international journal for chemical science
RESEARCH FRONT

Cyclometalated Ir(iii) Complexes Containing Pyrazole/Pyrazine Carboxylate Ligands

Tanima Hajra A , Jitendra K. Bera A B and Vadapalli Chandrasekhar A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India.

B Corresponding authors. Email: vc@iitk.ac.in; jbera@iitk.ac.in

Australian Journal of Chemistry 64(5) 561-566 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH11049
Submitted: 28 January 2011  Accepted: 22 March 2011   Published: 30 May 2011

Abstract

Two cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes using 2-phenylpyridine (ppy-H) as the cyclometalating ligand, and pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (prca-H) and pyrazine 3,5-dicarboxylic acid (pzdca-H2) as ancillary ligands; were synthesized from the chloro-bridged dimer precursor [{(ppy)2Ir}2(μ-Cl)2]. The title compounds [Ir(ppy)2(prca)] (1) and [{Ir(ppy)2}2(pzdca)] (2) are monomeric and dimeric neutral Ir(iii) complexes, respectively. Their electrochemical and photophysical properties were examined. They exhibit metal-based oxidations and ligand-based reductions. These complexes exhibit emission in the blue-green region with lifetimes in the micro-second range at room temperature. The nature of the emission spectra indicates differences in the origin of emission in these two compounds.


References

[1]  C. Ulbricht, B. Beyer, C. Friebe, A. Winter, U. S. Schubert, Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4418 and references therein. 10.1002/ADMA.200803537

[2]  L. Flamigni, A. Barbieri, C. Sabatini, B. Ventura, F. Barigelletti, Top. Curr. Chem. 2007, 281, 143 and references cited therein. 10.1007/128_2007_131

[3]  Y. R. Sun, N. C. Giebink, H. Kanno, B. W. Ma, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, Nature 2006, 440, 908.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVWktbg%3D&md5=5f39297c83750a135d1491d245111f1cCAS | 16612378PubMed |

[4]  M. Mehlstaübl, G. S. Kottas, S. Colella, L. De Cola, Dalton Trans. 2008, 2385.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18461191PubMed |

[5]  V. Chandrasekhar, L. Nagarajan, Dalton Trans. 2009, 6712.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSgu7bI&md5=6b45d5eba15a99a5e3ff4e7d3b8d3b35CAS | 19690679PubMed |

[6]  V. Chandrasekhar, R. Thirumoorthi, R. Azhakar, Organometallics 2007, 26, 26.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Knu7zK&md5=e5f34564470cb2ed2943bc40df03155dCAS |

[7]  V. Chandrasekhar, L. Nagarajan, R. Cl’erac, S. Ghosh, T. Senapati, S. Verma, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 5347.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvFOgsbY%3D&md5=c7c74d3c48ddf364323459f9a38f8ed1CAS | 18484717PubMed |

[8]  V. Chandrasekhar, P. Sasikumar, R. Boomishankar, Dalton Trans. 2008, 5189.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCku77F&md5=11f10fbf5746b8c5f2037a83810f8531CAS | 18813373PubMed |

[9]  V. Chandrasekhar, R. Thirumoorthi, Organometallics 2009, 28, 2096.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisFentL0%3D&md5=d49e04d5437dcc4c3756e3b2da548a0fCAS |

[10]  V. Chandrasekhar, R. Thirumoorthi, R. K. Metre, B. Mahanti, J. Organomet. Chem. 2011, 696, 600.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktVCrsA%3D%3D&md5=6c9e538a1c4ff42e7f0025dc0e896372CAS |

[11]  M. Nonoyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1974, 47, 767.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXhtlemu7o%3D&md5=a438292e910599b9f3bd233c6517bb02CAS |

[12]  F. Neve, M. La Deda, A. Crispini, A. Bellusei, F. Puntoriero, S. Campagna, Organometallics 2004, 23, 5856.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1KitL4%3D&md5=331280cb5a1a585371a5ef2a6d6c197eCAS |

[13]  R. D. Costa, E. Orti, H. J. Bolink, H. S. Graber, C. E. Housecroft, E. C. Constable, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5978.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksFWisr4%3D&md5=810837482fbbb10ddf7bc55c2853cc90CAS | 20380438PubMed |

[14]  F. O. Garces, K. A. King, R. J. Watts, Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 3464.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlsV2ktLc%3D&md5=374dda4b3f9949f76c8fd09a66d0b087CAS |

[15]  Z. Liu, Z. Bian, J. Bian, Z. Li, D. Nie, C. Huang, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 8025.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXps1KnsLo%3D&md5=a3e48f7bce57ed6c95f73924231ad286CAS | 18693680PubMed |

[16]  I. R. Laskar, S.-F. Hsu, T.-M. Chen, Polyhedron 2006, 25, 1167.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVegu7c%3D&md5=d69692078b5d696900bd5c8ff58bdfd7CAS |

[17]  E. Baranoff, S. Suàrez, P. Bugnon, C. Barolo, R. Buscaino, R. Scopelliti, L. Zuppiroli, M. Graetzel, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 6575.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnvFajtro%3D&md5=8962dae864b6dba9928f03b13d6837b5CAS | 18590328PubMed |

[18]  W.-Y. Wong, C.-L. Ho, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2009, 253, 1709.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtlWmtb0%3D&md5=dcaaa99bdef218180aef104186bd375dCAS |

[19]  M. S. Lowry, S. Bernhard, Chemistry 2006, 12, 7970.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1WktrrN&md5=55ed9e0acf53555f19f99d38a68a0ae2CAS | 16933348PubMed |

[20]  R. C. Evans, P. Douglas, C. J. Winscom, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2006, 250, 2093.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmslGms7Y%3D&md5=17b009ba861a9617e5b5efb19bc45189CAS |

[21]  E. Holder, B. M. W. Langeveld, U. S. Schubert, Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1109.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktlSltL8%3D&md5=fdedf7d14e4f446638398d35370c2c12CAS |

[22]  J. Li, P. I. Djurovich, B. D. Alleyne, I. Tsyba, N. N. Ho, R. Bau, M. E. Thompson, Polyhedron 2004, 23, 419.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1WnsQ%3D%3D&md5=89e522cda10958dc44c5a05248a796fdCAS |

[23]  Y. You, J. Seo, S. H. Kim, K. S. Kim, T. K. Ahn, D. Kim, S. Y. Park, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 1476.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1emtrw%3D&md5=d3fcc5f3418b7a157c2a360d2c8f0fc6CAS | 18254589PubMed |

[24]  Y. You, S. Y. Park, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12438.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXotFSiurk%3D&md5=d507403a827aa5844777a78116f7a7ccCAS | 16144361PubMed |

[25]  J. Li, P. I. Djurovitch, B. D. Alleyene, M. Yousufudin, N. N. Ho, J. C. Thomas, J. C. Peters, R. Bau, M. E. Thompson, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 1713.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1aqtb0%3D&md5=869e6ff2a4ae14355bd4d488f2de2e43CAS | 15762698PubMed |

[26]  R. D. Costa, E. Ortí, H. J. Bolink, S. Graber, C. E. Housecroft, E. C. Constable, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5978.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksFWisr4%3D&md5=810837482fbbb10ddf7bc55c2853cc90CAS | 20380438PubMed |

[27]  F. De Angelis, S. Fantacci, N. Evans, C. Klein, S. K. Zakeeruddin, J.-E. Moser, K. Kalyanasundaram, H. J. Bolink, M. Grtzel, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 5989.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXms1Cju7c%3D&md5=78fa2b219dc576a29c5fe9b7ad9d3f89CAS | 17583337PubMed |

[28]  Y. You, J. Seo, S. H. Kim, K. S. Kim, T. K. Ahn, D. Kim, S. Y. Park, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 1476.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1emtrw%3D&md5=d3fcc5f3418b7a157c2a360d2c8f0fc6CAS | 18254589PubMed |

[29]  A. B. Tamayo, S. Garon, T. Sajoto, P. I. Djurovich, I. M. Tsyba, R. Bau, M. E. Thompson, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 8723.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKrt7%2FI&md5=543d3bb5cebca4e37232ca926981a743CAS | 16296826PubMed |

[30]  J.-P. Collin, I. M. Dixon, J.-P. Sauvage, J. A. G. Williams, F. Barigelletti, L. Flamigni, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 5009.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXivFyktrc%3D&md5=75ed57981329cfe982065d3168e3dfb0CAS |

[31]  S. Lamansky, P. Djurovich, D. Murphy, F. Abdel-Razzaq, H.-E. Lee, C. Adachi, P. E. Burrows, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4304.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXis1Wjsro%3D&md5=621a44b6ae5a13aae5facb830dbeb607CAS | 11457197PubMed |

[32]  L. Flamigni, B. Ventura, F. Barigelletti, E. Baranoff, J.-P. Collin, J.-P. Sauvage, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 1312.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjs1Ciu78%3D&md5=d75581e8a7d0247ab50624f73b3a2f05CAS |

[33]  N. Fatin-Rouge, E. Tóth, D. Perret, R. H. Backer, A. E. Merbach, J. -C. G. Bünzli, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10810.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsVGgu7s%3D&md5=0eb89927d1eaa51e42a3831e264d97c8CAS |

[34]  I. B. Berlman, Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules 1965 (Academic Press: New York, NY).

[35]  W. H. Melhuish, J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 229.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF3MXht1yqs7o%3D&md5=8da9be800dde481b5e142fb436d53ce6CAS |

[36]  SAINT+ Software for CCD difractometers 2000 (Bruker AXS: Madison, WI).

[37]  G. M. Sheldrick, SADABS Program for Correction of Area Detector Data 1999 (University of Göttingen: Göttingen, Germany).

[38]  SHELXTL Package v. 6.10 2000 (Bruker AXS: Madison, WI).
      G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS-86 and SHELXL-97 1997 (University of Göttingen: Göttingen, Germany).

[39]  L. Spek, PLATON 2001 (University of Utrecht: Netherlands).

[40]  L. J. Farrugia, J. Appl. Cryst. 1997, 30, 565.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnt1KgsLg%3D&md5=014fea354b0cf08dd89b4c674f7abf7dCAS |