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REVIEW (Open Access)
Contents Vol 11(6)

A critical review of nanohybrids: synthesis, applications and environmental implications

Nirupam Aich A , Jaime Plazas-Tuttle A , Jamie R. Lead B and Navid B. Saleh A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

B Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

C Corresponding author. Email: navid.saleh@utexas.edu




Nirupam Aich is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering in the University of Texas at Austin. Prior to joining UT in 2014, he completed his M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering from University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC and B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. His research interests include systematic evaluation of environmental implications of nanohybrid materials and application of nanomaterials for environmental remediation and sustainable infrastructure.


Jaime Plazas-Tuttle is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering in the University of Texas at Austin. He earned his M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2012, and a M.Sc. in Desert Studies, in Water Resources and Management, from Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel in 2004. His B.Sc. degree is in Civil Engineering, earned at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia in 2000. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Scholarship in 2009. His research interests focus on the development and application of nanomaterials in drinking water treatment.


Professor Jamie Lead is an endowed Professor and Director of the SmartState Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, USA, and an adjunct Professor and co-Director of the Facility for Environmental Nanoscience Analysis and Characterisation, in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK. His research aims at (i) understanding nanoscale phenomena in the environment including natural nanomaterials, manufactured nanomaterials and their interactions and impacts on pollutant behaviour and (ii) the development of manufactured nanomaterials for environmentally beneficial processes such as remediation of organic contaminants.


Navid Saleh is an Assistant Professor of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He holds a Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and has been trained as a postdoctoral scholar at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University. His research focuses on the fundamental understanding of nanomaterial fate, transport and transformation and on physicochemical characterisation of nanomaterials to provide mechanistic insights on nanotoxicity. Use of nanomaterials for water treatment and environmental remediation has also been a focus of his research.

Environmental Chemistry 11(6) 609-623 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14127
Submitted: 6 July 2014  Accepted: 22 August 2014   Published: 16 December 2014

Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2014 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Environmental context. Recent developments in nanotechnology have focussed towards innovation and usage of multifunctional and superior hybrid nanomaterials. Possible exposure of these novel nanohybrids can lead to unpredicted environmental fate, transport, transformation and toxicity scenarios. Environmentally relevant emerging properties and potential environmental implications of these newer materials need to be systematically studied to prevent harmful effects towards the aquatic environment and ecology.

Abstract. Nanomaterial synthesis and modification for applications have progressed to a great extent in the last decades. Manipulation of the physicochemical properties of a material at the nanoscale has been extensively performed to produce materials for novel applications. Controlling the size, shape, surface functionality, etc. has been key to successful implementation of nanomaterials in multidimensional usage for electronics, optics, biomedicine, drug delivery and green fuel technology. Recently, a focus has been on the conjugation of two or more nanomaterials to achieve increased multifunctionality as well as creating opportunities for next generation materials with enhanced performance. With incremental production and potential usage of such nanohybrids come the concerns about their ecological and environmental effects, which will be dictated by their not-yet-understood physicochemical properties. While environmental implication studies concerning the single materials are yet to give an integrated mechanistic understanding and predictability of their environmental fate and transport, the importance of studying the novel nanohybrids with their multi-dimensional and complex behaviour in environmental and biological exposure systems are immense. This article critically reviews the literature of nanohybrids and identifies potential environmental uncertainties of these emerging ‘horizon materials’.


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