Reinventing the leaf: multiple origins of leaf-like wings in katydids (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae)
Joseph Mugleston A C , Michael Naegle A , Hojun Song B , Seth M. Bybee A , Spencer Ingley A , Anton Suvorov A and Michael F. Whiting A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Biology and M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 4102 Life Science Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
B Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
C Corresponding author. Email: joseph.mugleston@gmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 30(4) 335-352 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15055
Submitted: 4 December 2015 Accepted: 5 March 2016 Published: 31 August 2016
Abstract
Insects have developed incredible means to avoid detection by predators. At least five insect orders have species that resemble leaves. Katydids (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) are the most diverse and wide-ranging of the leaf-like insects. At least 14 of the 20 extant katydid subfamilies contain species with leaf-like wings. Although it is undisputed that many katydids resemble leaves, methods for delineating the leaf-like from non-leaf-like forms have varied by author and in many cases are not explicitly stated. We provide a simple ratio method that can be used to differentiate the leaf-like and non-leaf-like forms. Geometric morphometrics were used to validate the ratio method. Leaf-like wings have been independently derived in at least 15 katydid lineages. Relative rates of speciation were found to be greater in the non-leaf-like forms, suggesting that leaf-like wings within Tettigoniidae are not a driver of diversification. Likewise, throughout Tettigoniidae, selection seems to be favouring the transition away from leaf-like wings. However, within the large Phaneropterinae subclade, relative speciation and transition rates between the leaf-like and non-leaf-like forms do not differ significantly.
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