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Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography
REVIEW

Carnivorous sponges (Porifera : Demospongiae : Poecilosclerida :  Cladorhizidae) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of eight new species and a review of the family Cladorhizidae in the Southern Ocean

Claire E. Goodwin A B C H , Jade Berman D , Rachel V. Downey E F and Katharine R. Hendry G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A National Museums Northern Ireland, 153 Bangor Road, Cultra, Holywood, Co. Down, BT18 0EU, UK.

B Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, 2–13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, UK.

C Present address: Atlantic Reference Centre, Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St Andrews, New Brunswick, E5B 2L7, Canada.

D Ulster Wildlife, 10 Heron Rd, Belfast, County Down, Northern Ireland, BT3 9LE, UK.

E Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

F Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australia National University, Linnaeus Way, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.

G School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK.

H Corresponding author. Email: claire.goodwin@huntsmanmarine.ca

Invertebrate Systematics 31(1) 37-64 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16020
Submitted: 5 March 2016  Accepted: 17 July 2016   Published: 16 March 2017

Abstract

This study reviews the taxonomy and biogeography of carnivorous sponges (family Cladorhizidae) in the Southern Ocean. Specimens were collected from seamounts in the Drake Passage by dredging and trawling and biogeographical information from other sources was compiled and reviewed. Eight new species of carnivorous sponges are described: Abyssocladia leverhulmei, sp. nov., Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) sarsensis, sp. nov., A. (A.) gemmae, sp. nov., A. (A.) rhaphidiophorus, sp. nov., Asbestopluma (Helophloeina) keraia, sp. nov., Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) saffronae, sp. nov., Cladorhiza scanlonae, sp. nov. and Lycopodina drakensis, sp. nov. Specimens of three previously described species, L. callithrix, L. calyx and A. (A.) bitrichela, were also found. These new records increase the number of known carnivorous sponge species in the Southern Ocean by more than a third. We demonstrate that the Cladorhizidae is the second most species-rich family of Demospongiae in the Southern Ocean and many of its species are highly endemic, with 70% found only in this region. Southern Ocean species represent close to 20% of all known carnivorous sponges. This study highlights the importance of seamount and bathyal benthic habitats for supporting the rich and endemic carnivorous sponge fauna of the Southern Ocean.

Additional keywords: Antarctic, deep-water, new species, sponge, seamount, taxonomy.


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