A Study of "Spread-F" Ionospheric Echoes at Night at Brisbane. IV. Range Spreading

Abstract

In the course of investigations of satellite echoes from the F region of the ionosphere, it was noted that the F and Es traces recorded at night, on h?t equipment at frequencies well below vertical, are broader than anticipated and tend to change in a characteristic manner as the gain of the receiver is lowered. In this paper, a quantitative explanation of these phenomena is elaborated, based on the postulate of a "rough" ionosphere.