Register      Login
Emu Emu Society
Journal of BirdLife Australia
RESEARCH ARTICLE

The anatomy of a failed reintroduction: a case study with the Brown Treecreeper

Victoria A. Bennett A D , Veronica A. J. Doerr B C , Erik D. Doerr B C , Adrian D. Manning A and David B. Lindenmayer A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Fenner School of Environment and Society, Building 141, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia.

B CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

C Division of Evolution, Ecology, and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: victoria.bennett325@gmail.com

Emu 112(4) 298-312 https://doi.org/10.1071/MU11048
Submitted: 1 July 2011  Accepted: 17 August 2012   Published: 26 October 2012

Abstract

Reintroductions are often used to re-establish a self-sustaining population of a species as a conservation method. Despite their prevalence, few reintroductions have followed recent international recommendations to publish details such as appropriate site-selection, criteria for success and experimental analyses of the reintroduction. Here we report on the first experimental reintroduction of the Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus), a ground-foraging Australian woodland passerine. Seven social groups (43 individuals) were released into two nature reserves in south-eastern Australia. Using a robust comparison of habitat-restoration treatments, we evaluate the influence of these treatments and demographic parameters of the Brown Treecreepers on measures of success of the reintroduction. Although individual Brown Treecreepers lost an average of 5.82% of their bodyweight during translocation, survival during the first 24 h and the first 3 days after reintroduction was high and was not significantly influenced by habitat treatments at the release site. There was, however, evidence of high levels of mortality in the first 2 months after release, but there was no influence of sex or age on apparent survival. These apparent losses may be attributable to longer-term effects of translocation stress, lack of familiarity with habitat or insufficient effectiveness of restoration treatments. Although this reintroduction appears to have failed, we present details on all aspects of the reintroduction to provide vital information and lessons learned regarding procedures and outcomes.


References

Antos, M. J., and Bennett, A. F. (2006). Foraging ecology of ground-feeding woodland birds in temperate woodlands of southern Australia. Emu 106, 29–40.
Foraging ecology of ground-feeding woodland birds in temperate woodlands of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Antos, M. J., Bennett, A. F., and White, J. G. (2008). Where exactly do ground-foraging woodland birds forage? Foraging sites and microhabitat selection in temperate woodlands of southern Australia. Emu 108, 201–211.
Where exactly do ground-foraging woodland birds forage? Foraging sites and microhabitat selection in temperate woodlands of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Armstrong, D. P., and Ewen, J. G. (2002). Dynamics and viability of a New Zealand Robin population reintroduced to a regenerating fragmented habitat. Conservation Biology 16, 1074–1085.
Dynamics and viability of a New Zealand Robin population reintroduced to a regenerating fragmented habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Armstrong, D. P., and Seddon, P. J. (2008). Directions in reintroduction biology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 20–25.
Directions in reintroduction biology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Armstrong, D. P., Lovegrove, T. G., Allen, D. G., and Craig, J. L. (1994a). Composition of founder groups for bird translocations: does familiarity matter? In ‘Reintroduction Biology of Australian and New Zealand Fauna’. (Ed. M. Serena.) pp. 105–111. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)

Armstrong, D. P., Soderquist, T. R., and Southgate, R. (1994b). Designing experimental reintroductions as experiments. In ‘Reintroduction Biology of Australian and New Zealand Fauna’. (Ed. M. Serena.) pp. 27–29. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)

Armstrong, D. P., Castro, I., Alley, J. C., Feenstra, B., and Perrott, J. K. (1999). Mortality and behaviour of Hihi, an endangered New Zealand honeyeater, in the establishment phase following translocation. Biological Conservation 89, 329–339.
Mortality and behaviour of Hihi, an endangered New Zealand honeyeater, in the establishment phase following translocation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Australian Capital Territory Government (1999). Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus): a vulnerable species. Action Plan Number 18, Environment ACT, Canberra.

Australian Capital Territory Government (2004). Woodlands for wildlife: ACT lowland woodland conservation strategy. Action Plan 27, Environment ACT, Canberra.

Bain, D. (2006). Translocation of the Eastern Bristlebird and factors associated with a successful program. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW.

Bajomi, B., Pullin, A. S., Stewart, G. B., and Takács-Sánta, A. (2010). Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature. Oryx 44, 358–365.
Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baker, J., Bain, D., Clarke, J., and French, K. (2012). Translocation of the Eastern Bristlebird 2: applying principles to two case studies. Ecological Management & Restoration 13, 159–165.
Translocation of the Eastern Bristlebird 2: applying principles to two case studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barrett, G. W., Ford, H. A., and Recher, H. F. (1994). Conservation of woodland birds in a fragmented rural landscape. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 245–256.

Barton, P. S., Manning, A. D., Gibb, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., and Cunningham, S. A. (2009). Conserving ground-dwelling beetles in an endangered woodland community: multi-scale habitat effects on assemblage diversity. Biological Conservation 142, 1701–1709.
Conserving ground-dwelling beetles in an endangered woodland community: multi-scale habitat effects on assemblage diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barton, P. S., Manning, A. D., Gibb, H., Wood, J. T., Lindenmayer, D. B., and Cunningham, S. A. (2011). Experimental reduction of native vertebrate grazing and addition of logs benefit beetle diversity at multiple scales. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 943–951.
Experimental reduction of native vertebrate grazing and addition of logs benefit beetle diversity at multiple scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bennett, V.A. (2009). Translocation proposal for the Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) from the Murrumbidgee region, New South Wales to Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve and Goorooyaroo Nature Reserve in the Australian Capital Territory. Report to New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage. Australian National University, Canberra.

Brown, J. H., and Kodric-Brown, A. (1977). Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58, 445–449.
Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown, C. R., Brown, M. B., and Brazeal, K. R. (2008). Familiarity with breeding habitat improves daily survival in colonial Cliff Swallows. Animal Behaviour 76, 1201–1210.
Familiarity with breeding habitat improves daily survival in colonial Cliff Swallows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burgman, M. A., Keith, D., Hopper, S. D., Widyatmoko, D., and Drill, C. (2007). Threat syndromes and conservation of the Australian flora. Biological Conservation 134, 73–82.
Threat syndromes and conservation of the Australian flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carrie, N. R., Conner, R. N., Rudolph, D. C., and Carrie, D. K. (1999). Reintroduction and postrelease movements of Red-cockaded Woodpecker groups in eastern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 63, 824–832.
Reintroduction and postrelease movements of Red-cockaded Woodpecker groups in eastern Texas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Caughley, G., and Gunn, A. (1996). ‘Conservation Biology in Theory and Practice.’ (Blackwell Science: Cambridge, MA.)

Chace, J. F., and Walsh, J. J. (2006). Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74, 46–69.
Urban effects on native avifauna: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clarke, M. F., and Oldland, J. M. (2007). Penetration of remnant edges by Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) and implications for habitat restoration. Wildlife Research 34, 253–261.
Penetration of remnant edges by Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) and implications for habitat restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clarke, R. H., Boulton, R. L., and Clarke, M. F. (2002). Translocation of the socially complex Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis: a trial using hard and soft techniques. Pacific Conservation Biology 8, 223–234.

Cooper, C. B., and Walters, J. R. (2002a). Experimental evidence of disrupted dispersal causing decline of an Australian passerine in fragmented habitat. Conservation Biology 16, 471–478.
Experimental evidence of disrupted dispersal causing decline of an Australian passerine in fragmented habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cooper, C. B., and Walters, J. R. (2002b). Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution. Biological Conservation 105, 1–10.
Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cooper, C. B., Walters, J. R., and Ford, H. A. (2002). Effects of remnant size and connectivity on the response of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation. Emu 102, 249–256.
Effects of remnant size and connectivity on the response of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dickens, M. J., Delehanty, D. J., and Romero, L. M. (2009). Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 276, 2051–2056.
Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dickens, M. J., Delehanty, D. J., and Michael Romero, L. (2010). Stress: an inevitable component of animal translocation. Biological Conservation 143, 1329–1341.
Stress: an inevitable component of animal translocation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doerr, E. D. (2004). A comparative approach to cooperative breeding: demography, helping behavior, and population genetics of Australasian treecreepers. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.

Doerr, E. D., and Doerr, V. A. J. (2005). Dispersal range analysis: quantifying individual variation in dispersal behaviour. Oecologia 142, 1–10.
Dispersal range analysis: quantifying individual variation in dispersal behaviour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doerr, E. D., and Doerr, V. A. J. (2006). Comparative demography of treecreepers: evaluating hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of cooperative breeding. Animal Behaviour 72, 147–159.
Comparative demography of treecreepers: evaluating hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of cooperative breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doerr, E. D., and Doerr, V. A. J. (2007). Positive effects of helpers on reproductive success in the Brown Treecreeper and the general importance of future benefits. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 966–976.
Positive effects of helpers on reproductive success in the Brown Treecreeper and the general importance of future benefits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doerr, V. A. J., and Doerr, E. D. (2002). A dissolving leg harness for radio transmitter attachment in treecreepers. Corella 26, 19–21.

Doerr, V. A. J., Doerr, E. D., and Jenkins, S. H. (2006). Habitat selection in two Australasian treecreepers: what cues should they use? Emu 106, 93–103.
Habitat selection in two Australasian treecreepers: what cues should they use?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doerr, V. A. J., Doerr, E., and Davies, M. J. (2011). Dispersal behaviour of Brown Treecreepers predicts functional connectivity for several other woodland birds. Emu 111, 71–83.
Dispersal behaviour of Brown Treecreepers predicts functional connectivity for several other woodland birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Driscoll, D., Milkovits, G., and Freudenberger, D. (2000). ‘Impact and Use of Firewood in Australia.’ (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems: Canberra.)

Evans, A. M., Clinton, P. W., Allen, R. B., and Frampton, C. M. (2003). The influence of logs on the spatial distribution of litter-dwelling invertebrates and forest floor processes in New Zealand forests. Forest Ecology and Management 184, 251–262.
The influence of logs on the spatial distribution of litter-dwelling invertebrates and forest floor processes in New Zealand forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ewen, J. G., and Armstrong, D. P. (2007). Strategic monitoring of reintroductions in ecological restoration programmes. Ecoscience 14, 401–409.
Strategic monitoring of reintroductions in ecological restoration programmes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Eyre, T. J., Maron, M., Mathieson, M. T., and Haseler, M. (2009). Impacts of grazing, selective logging and hyper-aggressors on diurnal bird fauna in intact forest landscapes of the Brigalow Belt, Queensland. Austral Ecology 34, 705–716.
Impacts of grazing, selective logging and hyper-aggressors on diurnal bird fauna in intact forest landscapes of the Brigalow Belt, Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fischer, J., and Lindenmayer, D. B. (2000). An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biological Conservation 96, 1–11.
An assessment of the published results of animal relocations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ford, H. A. (2011). The causes of decline of birds of eucalypt woodlands: advances in our knowledge over the last 10 years. Emu 111, 1–9.
The causes of decline of birds of eucalypt woodlands: advances in our knowledge over the last 10 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ford, H. A., Barrett, G. W., Saunders, D. A., and Recher, H. F. (2001). Why have birds in the woodlands of southern Australia declined? Biological Conservation 97, 71–88.
Why have birds in the woodlands of southern Australia declined?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ford, H. A., Walters, J. R., Cooper, C. B., Debus, S. J. S., and Doerr, V. A. J. (2009). Extinction debt or habitat change? Ongoing losses of woodland birds in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 142, 3182–3190.
Extinction debt or habitat change? Ongoing losses of woodland birds in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garnett, S. T., Szabo, J. K., and Dutson, G. (2011). ‘The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Gilroy, J. J., Anderson, G. Q. A., Grice, P. V., Vickery, J. A., Bray, I., Watts, N. P., and Sutherland, W. J. (2008). Could soil degradation contribute to farmland bird declines? Links between soil penetrability and the abundance of Yellow Wagtails Motacilla flava in arable fields. Biological Conservation 141, 3116–3126.
Could soil degradation contribute to farmland bird declines? Links between soil penetrability and the abundance of Yellow Wagtails Motacilla flava in arable fields.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Godefroid, S., Piazza, C., Rossi, G., Buord, S., Stevens, A.-D., Aguraiuja, R., Cowell, C., Weekley, C. W., Vogg, G., Iriondo, J. M., Johnson, I., Dixon, B., Gordon, D., Magnanon, S., Valentin, B., Bjureke, K., Koopman, R., Vicens, M., Virevaire, M., and Vanderborght, T. (2011). How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biological Conservation 144, 672–682.
How successful are plant species reintroductions?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grey, M. J., Clarke, M. F., and Loyn, R. H. (1997). Initial changes in the avian communities of remnant eucalypt woodlands following a reduction in the abundance of Noisy Miners, Manorina melanocephala. Wildlife Research 24, 631–648.
Initial changes in the avian communities of remnant eucalypt woodlands following a reduction in the abundance of Noisy Miners, Manorina melanocephala.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Griffith, B., Scott, J. M., Carpenter, J. W., and Reed, C. (1989). Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245, 477–480.
Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvitlKqsA%3D%3D&md5=d3f229220f597fdfb9789d2b87387d99CAS |

Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M., and Steele, W. K. (Eds) (2001). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)

IUCN (1998). ‘Guidelines for Re-introductions.’ (IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group: Gland, Switzerland; and Cambridge, UK.)

Johnson, C. (2006). ‘Australia’s Mammal Extinctions: a 50 000 Year History.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York.)

Kingsford, R. T., Watson, J. E. M., Lundquist, C. J., Venter, O., Hughes, L., Johnston, E. L., Atherton, J., Gawel, M., Keith, D. A., Mackey, B. G., Morley, C., Possingham, H. P., Raynor, B., Recher, H. F., and Wilson, K. A. (2009). Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania. Conservation Biology 23, 834–840.
Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MrgsVersQ%3D%3D&md5=bea746874cd5e657232eb5a58ac4958cCAS |

Kleiman, D. G. (1989). Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. Bioscience 39, 152–161.
Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Komdeur, J. (1994). Conserving the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis by translocation from Cousin Island to the islands of Aride and Cousine. Biological Conservation 67, 143–152.
Conserving the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis by translocation from Cousin Island to the islands of Aride and Cousine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Le Gouar, P., Robert, A., Choisy, J., Henriquet, S., Lecuyer, P., Tessier, C., and Sarrazin, F. (2008). Roles of survival and dispersal in reintroduction success of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus). Ecological Applications 18, 859–872.
Roles of survival and dispersal in reintroduction success of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lindenmayer, D. B., and Cunningham, R. B. (2011). Longitudinal patterns in bird reporting rates in a threatened ecosystem: is change regionally consistent? Biological Conservation 144, 430–440.
Longitudinal patterns in bird reporting rates in a threatened ecosystem: is change regionally consistent?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mac Nally, R. (2006). Longer-term response to experimental manipulation of fallen timber on forest floors of floodplain forest in south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 229, 155–160.
Longer-term response to experimental manipulation of fallen timber on forest floors of floodplain forest in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mac Nally, R., Horrocks, G., and Pettifer, L. (2002). Experimental evidence for potential beneficial effects of fallen timber in forests. Ecological Applications 12, 1588–1594.
Experimental evidence for potential beneficial effects of fallen timber in forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Manning, A. D., Wood, J. T., Cunningham, R. B., McIntyre, S., Shorthouse, D. J., Gordon, I. J., and Lindenmayer, D. B. (2011). Integrating research and restoration: the establishment of a long-term woodland experiment in south-eastern Australia. Australian Zoologist 35, 633–648.

Maron, M., and Lill, A. (2005). The influence of livestock grazing and weed invasion on habitat use by birds in grassy woodland remnants. Biological Conservation 124, 439–450.
The influence of livestock grazing and weed invasion on habitat use by birds in grassy woodland remnants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maron, M., Main, A., Bowen, M., Howes, A., Kath, J., Pillette, C., and McAlpine, C. A. (2011). Relative influence of habitat modification and interspecific competition on woodland bird assemblages in eastern Australia. Emu 111, 40–51.
Relative influence of habitat modification and interspecific competition on woodland bird assemblages in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McCullagh, P., and Nelder, J. A. (1989). ‘Generalized Linear Models.’ (Chapman and Hall: London.)

McCulloch, C. E., and Searle, S. R. (2001). ‘Generalized Linear and Mixed Models.’ (Wiley: New York.)

McIntyre, S., Stol, J., Harvey, J., Nicholls, A. O., Campbell, M., Reid, A., Manning, A. D., and Lindenmayer, D. B. (2010). Biomass and floristic patterns in the ground layer vegetation of box-gum grassy eucalypt woodland in Goorooyarroo and Mulligans Flat Nature Reserves, Australian Capital Territory. Cunninghamia 11, 319–357.

Montague-Drake, R., Lindenmayer, D., Cunningham, R., and Stein, J. (2011). A reverse keystone species affects the landscape distribution of woodland avifauna: a case study using the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) and other Australian birds. Landscape Ecology 26, 1383–1394.
A reverse keystone species affects the landscape distribution of woodland avifauna: a case study using the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) and other Australian birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moorhouse, T. P., Gelling, M., and Macdonald, D. W. (2009). Effects of habitat quality upon reintroduction success in water voles: evidence from a replicated experiment. Biological Conservation 142, 53–60.
Effects of habitat quality upon reintroduction success in water voles: evidence from a replicated experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Murray, B. R., and Hose, G. C. (2005). Life-history and ecological correlates of decline and extinction in the endemic Australian frog fauna. Austral Ecology 30, 564–571.
Life-history and ecological correlates of decline and extinction in the endemic Australian frog fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Musil, D. D., Connelly, J. W., and Reese, K. P. (1993). Movements, survival and reproduction of Sage Grouse translocated in central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 57, 85–91.
Movements, survival and reproduction of Sage Grouse translocated in central Idaho.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Noske, R. A. (1979). Co-existence of three species of treecreepers in north-eastern New South Wales. Emu 79, 120–128.
Co-existence of three species of treecreepers in north-eastern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Noske, R. A. (1980). Cooperative breeding by treecreepers. Emu 80, 35–36.
Cooperative breeding by treecreepers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Noske, R. A. (1982a). Comparative behaviour and ecology of some Australian bark foraging birds. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.

Noske, R. A. (1982b). The private lives of treecreepers. Australian Natural History 20, 419–424.

Noske, R. A. (1991). A demographic comparison of cooperatively breeding and non-cooperate treecreepers (Climacteridae). Emu 91, 73–86.
A demographic comparison of cooperatively breeding and non-cooperate treecreepers (Climacteridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Priddel, D., and Wheeler, R. (2004). An experimental translocation of Brush-tailed Bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales. Wildlife Research 31, 421–432.
An experimental translocation of Brush-tailed Bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prober, S. M., Lunt, I. D., and Thiele, K. R. (2002). Determining reference conditions for management and restoration of temperate grassy woodlands: relationships among trees, topsoils and understorey flora in little-grazed remnants. Australian Journal of Botany 50, 687–697.
Determining reference conditions for management and restoration of temperate grassy woodlands: relationships among trees, topsoils and understorey flora in little-grazed remnants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rappole, J. H., and Tipton, A. R. (1991). New harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to small passerines. Journal of Field Ornithology 62, 335–337.

Riffell, S., Verschuyl, J., Miller, D., and Wigley, T. B. (2011). Biofuel harvests, coarse woody debris, and biodiversity – a meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 878–887.
Biofuel harvests, coarse woody debris, and biodiversity – a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Seddon, P. J., Armstrong, D. P., and Maloney, R. F. (2007). Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology 21, 303–312.
Developing the science of reintroduction biology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sheean, V. A., Manning, A. D., and Lindenmayer, D. B. (2012). An assessment of scientific approaches towards species relocations in Australia. Austral Ecology 37, 204–215.
An assessment of scientific approaches towards species relocations in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shier, D. M., and Owings, D. H. (2006). Effects of predator training on behavior and post-release survival of captive Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Biological Conservation 132, 126–135.
Effects of predator training on behavior and post-release survival of captive Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Short, J., and Smith, A. (1994). Mammal decline and recovery in Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 75, 288–297.
Mammal decline and recovery in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Short, J., Bradshaw, S. D., Giles, J., Prince, R. I. T., and Wilson, G. R. (1992). Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia:Macropodoidea) in Australia – a review. Biological Conservation 62, 189–204.
Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia:Macropodoidea) in Australia – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shorthouse, D. J., Iglesias, D., Jeffress, S., Lane, S., Mills, P., Woodbridge, G., McIntyre, S., and Manning, A. D. (2012). The ‘making of’ the Mulligans Flat–Goorooyarroo experimental restoration project. Ecological Management & Restoration 13, 112–125.
The ‘making of’ the Mulligans Flat–Goorooyarroo experimental restoration project.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Snyder, N. F. R., Derrickson, S. R., Beissinger, S. R., Wiley, J. W., Smith, T. B., Toone, W. D., and Miller, B. (1996). Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery. Conservation Biology 10, 338–348.
Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sutherland, W. J., Armstrong, D., Butchart, S. H. M., Earnhardt, J. M., Ewen, J., Jamieson, I., Jones, C. G., Lee, R., Newbery, P., Nichols, J. D., Parker, K. A., Sarrazin, F., Seddon, P. J., Shah, N., and Tatayah, V. (2010). Standards for documenting and monitoring bird reintroduction projects. Conservation Letters 3, 229–235.
Standards for documenting and monitoring bird reintroduction projects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tavecchia, G., Viedma, C., Martínez-Abraín, A., Bartolomé, M.-A., Gómez, J. A., and Oro, D. (2009). Maximizing re-introduction success: assessing the immediate cost of release in a threatened waterfowl. Biological Conservation 142, 3005–3012.
Maximizing re-introduction success: assessing the immediate cost of release in a threatened waterfowl.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Taws, N., Bounds, J., Rowell, A., and Cunningham, R. (2011). An analysis of bird occupancy and habitat changes at six woodland locations – 2003 and 2010. Prepared for the Canberra Ornithologists Group, Canberra. Available at http://canberrabirds.org.au/ConservingWoodlandBirds/COG%20Woodland%20bird%20habitat%20analysis%20report%20FINAL%20Nov%202011.pdf [Verified 24 September 2012].

Taylor, S. S., and Jamieson, I. G. (2007). Factors affecting the survival of founding individuals in translocated New Zealand Saddlebacks Philesturnus carunculatus. Ibis 149, 783–791.
Factors affecting the survival of founding individuals in translocated New Zealand Saddlebacks Philesturnus carunculatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Teixeira, C. P., de Azevedo, C. S., Mendl, M., Cipreste, C. F., and Young, R. J. (2007). Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: the importance of considering stress. Animal Behaviour 73, 1–13.
Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: the importance of considering stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vandenberghe, C., Prior, G., Littlewood, N. A., Brooker, R., and Pakeman, R. (2009). Influence of livestock grazing on Meadow Pipit foraging behaviour in upland grassland. Basic and Applied Ecology 10, 662–670.
Influence of livestock grazing on Meadow Pipit foraging behaviour in upland grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wallace, M. T., and Buchholz, R. (2001). Translocation of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers by reciprocal fostering of nestlings. Journal of Wildlife Management 65, 327–333.
Translocation of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers by reciprocal fostering of nestlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Walters, J. R., Ford, H. A., and Cooper, C. B. (1999). The ecological basis of sensitivity of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation: a preliminary assessment. Biological Conservation 90, 13–20.
The ecological basis of sensitivity of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation: a preliminary assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Watson, D. M. (2011). A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: poorer soils yield less food. Emu 111, 10–18.
A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: poorer soils yield less food.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whittingham, M. J., and Devereux, C. L. (2008). Changing grass height alters foraging site selection by wintering farmland birds. Basic and Applied Ecology 9, 779–788.
Changing grass height alters foraging site selection by wintering farmland birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wolf, C. M., Griffith, B., Reed, C., and Temple, S. A. (1996). Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data. Conservation Biology 10, 1142–1154.
Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yates, C. J., and Hobbs, R. J. (1997). Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 949–973.
Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |