Register      Login
Wildlife Research Wildlife Research Society
Ecology, management and conservation in natural and modified habitats
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Management of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in New Zealand: the influence of Graeme Caughley

J. P. Parkes
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand. Email: parkesj@landcareresearch.co.nz

Wildlife Research 36(1) 41-47 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR08053
Submitted: 11 April 2008  Accepted: 14 July 2008   Published: 21 January 2009

Abstract

Graeme Caughley developed many of his ideas on wildlife management, and how it should be underpinned by evidence rather than by dogma, during the mid-1960s when he was working for the New Zealand Forest Service and doing the fieldwork for his Ph.D. on the population dynamics of Himalayan thar in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. However, there was a 30-year lag between the advice on the management of wild animals Caughley was providing to the New Zealand Government in the 1960s and its uptake in a national plan to manage thar in the 1990s. Eventually his ideas of setting measurable goals that were based on science, in this case on his ideas on interactive systems between herbivores and their food supply, and on management systems that led to stable outcomes were at least partially taken up. This paper reviews how some of Caughley’s ideas were, or were not, included in a plan developed in 1993 and its subsequent application to manage Himalayan thar in New Zealand.


Acknowledgements

Thanks to Jim Hone and the Australasian Wildlife Management Society for inviting me to present a paper on this topic in Canberra in 2007. Wendy Ruscoe, Dave Forsyth and the referees made important contributions to the paper.


References

Anon. (1988). ‘The Future of New Zealand’s Wild Animals?’ (New Zealand Deerstalkers Association: Christchurch.)

Anon. (2008). Managing numbers of deer, chamois, thar and wild pigs. Report of the Ministerial Panel. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.

Burrows, C. J. (1974). A botanist’s view on the thar problem. Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute Review 28, 5–18.
Caughley G. (1976 a). Plant–herbivore systems. In ‘Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications’. (Ed. R. M. May.) pp. 94–113. (Blackwell Scientific: Oxford.)

Caughley, G. (1976b). The elephant problem – an alternative hypothesis. East African Wildlife Journal 14, 265–283.
Caughley G. (1977). ‘Analysis of Vertebrate Populations.’ (John Wiley: London.)

Caughley G. (1979). What is this thing called carrying capacity? In ‘North American Elk: Ecology, Behaviour and Management’. (Eds M. S. Boyce and L. D. Hayden-Wing.) pp. 2–8. (University of Wyoming Press: Laramie, WY.)

Caughley G. (1983). ‘The Deer Wars. The Story of Deer in New Zealand.’ (Heinemann: Auckland.)

Caughley G. (1987). Ecological relationships. In ‘Kangaroos. Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia’. (Eds G. Caughley, N. Shepherd and J. Short.) pp. 159–187. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Caughley G. (1988). Control of wild animals. In ‘The Future of New Zealand’s Wild Animals?’ (New Zealand Deerstalkers Association: Christchurch.)

Caughley, G. (1989). New Zealand plant–herbivore systems: past and present. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 12, 3–10.
Caughley G. , and Sinclair A. R. E. (1994). ‘Wildlife Ecology and Management.’ (Blackwell Science: Cambridge, MA.)

Choquenot, D. , and Parkes, J. (2001). Setting thresholds for pest control: how does pest density affect resource viability? Biological Conservation 99, 29–46.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Choquenot D. , and Warburton B. (1998). How much pest monitoring is enough? Allocation of monitoring resources in pest management programmes. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9899/05. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Choquenot, D. , Bolton, N. , and Woods, D. (2008). Evaluating helicopter-based surveys for estimating densities of Himalayan thar. Wildlife Research 35, 358–364.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Department of Conservation (1993). Himalayan thar control plan. Canterbury Conservancy Conservation Management Planning Series No. 3. Department of Conservation, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Forsyth, D. M. (1999). Long-term harvesting and male migration in a New Zealand population of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 351–362.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Forsyth D. M. , and Tustin K. G. (2005). Himalayan tahr. In ‘The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals’. (Ed. C. M. King.) pp. 361–373. (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)

Forsyth, D. M. , Parkes, J. P. , and Hickling, G. J. (2000). A case for multi-species management of sympatric herbivore pest impacts in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 24, 97–103.
Hone J. (1994). ‘Analysis of Vertebrate Pest Control. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Hughey, K. F. D. , and Parkes, J. P. (1996). Thar management – planning and consultation under the Wild Animal Control Act. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 31, 85–90.
Marshall D. (1991). Himalayan Thar Management Policy. Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand.

Morellet, N. , Gaillard, J.-M. , Hewison, A. J. M. , Ballon, P. , Boscardin, Y. , Duncan, P. , Klein, F. , and Maillard, D. (2007). Indicators of ecological change: new tools for managing populations of large herbivores. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 634–643.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Parkes J. (1988 a). Options to manage wild animals in New Zealand. In ‘The Future of New Zealand’s Wild Animals?’. pp. 67–71. (New Zealand Deerstalkers Association: Christchurch.)

Parkes J. P. (1988 b). A review of the options to manage Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.

Parkes, J. P. (1990). Eradication of feral goats on islands and habitat islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 20, 297–304.
Parkes J. P. (2006). Does commercial harvesting of introduced wild mammals contribute to their management as conservation pests? In ‘Biological Invasions in New Zealand’ (Eds R. B Allen and W. G. Lee.) pp. 407–420. (Springer Verlag: Berlin.)

Parkes, J. P. , and Forsyth, D. M. (2008). Interspecific and seasonal dietary differences of Himalayan thar, chamois and brushtail possums in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 32, 46–56.
Parkes J. P. , Thomson C. , Newall C. L. , and Forrester G. (2004). Impacts of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) on snow tussock grasslands in the Southern Alps. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0304/77. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Riney, T. (1964). The impact of introductions of large herbivores on the tropical environment. IUCN Publications New Series 4, 261–273.
Shepherd N. , and Caughley G. (1987). Options for management of kangaroos. In ‘Kangaroos. Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia’. (Eds G. Caughley, N. Shepherd and J. Short.) pp. 188–219. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Sinclair, A. R. E. , and Metzger, K. L. (2009). Advances in wildlife ecology and the influence of Graeme Caughley. Wildlife Research 36, 8–15.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Sinclair A. R. E. , Fryxell J. M. , and Caughley G. (2006). ‘Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management.’ (Blackwell Publishing: Malden, MA.)

Stephens, T. , Brown, D. , and Thornley, N. (2002). Measuring conservation achievement: concepts and their application over the Twizel area. Science for Conservation (Wellington) 200, 1–114.[Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand.]


Tustin, K. G. , and Challies, C. N. (1978). The effects of hunting on the numbers and group sizes of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in Carneys Creek, Rangitata catchment. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 1, 153–157.