Register      Login
Wildlife Research Wildlife Research Society
Ecology, management and conservation in natural and modified habitats
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Roads, routes and rams: does sexual segregation contribute to anthropogenic risk in a desert-dwelling ungulate?

Vernon C. Bleich A C D F , Jericho C. Whiting B , John G. Kie C and R. Terry Bowyer E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, California Department of Fish and Game, 407 W. Line Street, Bishop, CA 93514, USA.

B Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-Idaho, 525 South Center Street, Rexburg, Idaho 83460, USA.

C Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Stop 8007, Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8007, USA.

D Current address: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Mail Stop 186, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.

E Institute of Arctic Biology, 902 North Koyukuk Drive, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA.

F Corresponding author. Email: vcbleich@gmail.com

Wildlife Research 43(5) 380-388 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15231
Submitted: 28 December 2015  Accepted: 6 June 2016   Published: 3 August 2016

Abstract

Context: Little is known about the consequences of sexual segregation (differential use of resources by the sexes outside of the mating season) for the conservation of large mammals. Roadways (i.e. the strip of land over which a road or route passes) are ubiquitous around the world, and are a major cause of wildlife mortality, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occur at low densities and in a metapopulation structure. Roadways could affect movements of males and females differentially, an outcome that has not been considered previously.

Aims: We investigated the propensity of the sexes to cross a paved two-lane road and a single-lane, maintained dirt route and predicted that adult males, because of their life-history characteristics, would cross those roadways more often than females.

Methods: We investigated movements of male and female bighorn sheep from 1986 to 1990. We used a fixed-wing aircraft with an H-antenna on each wing strut to locate individuals each week from October 1986 to December 1990. We estimated the degree of overlap among 50% core areas of use by males and females with the utilisation distribution overlap index (UDOI).

Key results: We relocated male and female bighorn sheep on 948 occasions during sexual aggregation and on 1951 occasions during sexual segregation. More males than females were likely to cross both types of roadways during segregation, and the dirt route during aggregation. Propensity of males and females to cross roadways was strongly influenced by time of year (i.e. whether the period of sexual aggregation or sexual segregation). The lowest overlap in 50% core areas was between females and males during periods of segregation (UDOI = 0.1447).

Conclusions: More males than females crossed Kelbaker Road and the unnamed dirt route during segregation, as well as the unnamed route during aggregation. Both of those features could affect males more than females, and could result in reductions in the use of habitat or increased mortality of bighorn sheep from vehicle collisions as a result of spatial segregation of the sexes.

Implications: During environmental review, biologists should consider sexual segregation when assessing potential anthropogenic effects on movements of bighorn sheep. Biologists also should consider sexual segregation and how roadways, even lightly traveled routes, affect movements of male and female ungulates differently before manipulating habitat, translocating animals, or constructing or modifying roadways.

Additional keywords: desert bighorn sheep, fragmentation, metapopulation, Ovis canadensis, road ecology.


References

Barboza, P. S., and Bowyer, R. T. (2000). Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy 81, 473–489.
Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Berger, J. (1991). Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour 41, 61–77.
Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Berger, J. (2004). The last mile: how to sustain long-distance migration in mammals. Conservation Biology 18, 320–331.
The last mile: how to sustain long-distance migration in mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bleich, V. C. (1993). Sexual segregation in desert-dwelling mountain sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.

Bleich, V. C. (2009). Factors to consider when reprovisioning water developments used by mountain sheep. California Fish and Game 95, 153–159.

Bleich, V. C., and Pauli, A. M. (1999). Distribution and intensity of hunting and trapping activity in the East Mojave National Scenic Area, California. California Fish and Game 85, 148–160.

Bleich, V. C., Wehausen, J. D., and Holl, S. A. (1990). Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distribution. Conservation Biology 4, 383–390.
Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distribution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bleich, V. C., Wehausen, J. D., Ramey, R. R., and Rechel, J. L. (1996). Metapopulation theory and mountain sheep: implications for conservation. In ‘Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation’. (Ed. D. R. McCullough.) pp. 353–373. (Island Press: Washington, DC.)

Bleich, V. C., Bowyer, R. T., and Wehausen, J. D. (1997). Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildlife Monographs 134, 1–50.

Bowyer, R. T. (1984). Sexual segregation in southern mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 65, 410–417.
Sexual segregation in southern mule deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bowyer, R. T. (2004). Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management. Journal of Mammalogy 85, 1039–1052.
Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bowyer, R. T., Pierce, B. M., Duffy, L. K., and Haggstrom, D. A. (2001). Sexual segregation in moose: effects of habitat manipulation. Alces 37, 109–122.

Bowyer, R. T., Bleich, V. C., Manteca, X., Whiting, J. C., and Stewart, K. M. (2007). Sociality, mate choice, and timing of mating in American bison (Bison bison): effects of large males. Ethology 113, 1048–1060.
Sociality, mate choice, and timing of mating in American bison (Bison bison): effects of large males.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Calenge, C. (2006). The package ‘adehabitat’ for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecological Modelling 197, 516–519.
The package ‘adehabitat’ for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Campbell, B. H., and Remington, R. (1979). Bighorn use of artificial water sources in the Buckskin Mountains, Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 23, 50–56.

Coffin, A. W. (2007). From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transport Geography 15, 396–406.
From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cunningham, S. C., and deVos, J. C. (1992). Mortality of mountain sheep in the Black Canyon area of northwestern Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 36, 27–29.

DeCesare, N. J., and Pletscher, D. H. (2006). Movements, connectivity, and resource selection of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Journal of Mammalogy 87, 531–538.
Movements, connectivity, and resource selection of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dugelby, B. L., Foreman, D., List, R., Miller, B., Humphrey, J., Seidman, M., and Howard, R. (2001). Rewilding the Sky Islands region of the southwest. In ‘Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges on the 21st Century’. (Eds D. S. Maehr, R. F. Noss and J. L. Larkin.) pp. 65–81. (Island Press: Washington, DC.)

Epps, C. W., Palsboll, P. J., Wehausen, J. D., Roderick, G. K., Ramey, R. R., and McCullough, D. R. (2005). Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep. Ecology Letters 8, 1029–1038.
Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Epps, C. W., Palsboll, P. J., Wehausen, J. D., Roderick, G. K., and McCullough, D. R. (2006). Elevation and connectivity define genetic refugia for mountain sheep as climate warms. Molecular Ecology 15, 4295–4302.
Elevation and connectivity define genetic refugia for mountain sheep as climate warms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17107466PubMed |

Epps, C. W., Wehausen, J. D., Bleich, V. C., Torres, S. G., and Brashares, J. S. (2007). Optimizing dispersal and corridor models using landscape genetics. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 714–724.
Optimizing dispersal and corridor models using landscape genetics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fahrig, L., and Rytwinski, T. (2009). Effects of roads on animal abundance: an empirical review and synthesis. Ecology and Society 14, 21.

Fieberg, J., and Kochanny, C. O. (2005). Quantifying home-range overlap: the importance of the utilization distribution. The Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 1346–1359.
Quantifying home-range overlap: the importance of the utilization distribution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Forman, R. T. T., and Alexander, L. E. (1998). Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, 207–231.
Roads and their major ecological effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., Jones, J. A., Swanson, F. J., Turrentine, T., and Winter, T. C. (2003). ‘Road Ecology; Science and Solutions.’ (Island Press: Covelo, CA.)

Geist, V. (1971). ‘Mountain Sheep: a Study in Behavior and Evolution.’ (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.)

Griffith, B., Scott, J. M., Carpenter, J. W., and Reed, C. (1989). Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245, 477–480.
Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvitlKqsA%3D%3D&md5=de6fb9f4f9b24852ce51ebaf19069fcaCAS | 17750257PubMed |

Gubbi, S., Poornesha, H. C., and Madhusudan, M. D. (2012). Impact of vehicular traffic on the use of highway edges by large mammals in a South Indian wildlife reserve. Current Science 102, 1047–1051.

Jaeger, J. R., Wehausen, J. D., Bleich, V. C., and Douglas, C. L. (1993). Limits in the resolution of LORAN-C for aerial telemetry studies. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 37, 20–23.

Jessup, D. A., Clark, W. E., and Fowler, M. A. (1986). ‘Wildlife Restraint Handbook.’ 7th edn. (California Department of Fish and Game: Rancho Cordova, CA.)

Jessup, D. A., deJesus, S. R., Clark, W. E., and Bleich, V. C. (2014). Evolution of ungulate capture techniques in California. California Fish and Game 100, 491–526.

Johnson, C. J., Ehlers, L. P. W., and Seip, D. R. (2015). Witnessing extinction: cumulative impacts across landscapes and the future loss of an evolutionarily significant unit of woodland caribou in Canada. Biological Conservation 186, 176–186.
Witnessing extinction: cumulative impacts across landscapes and the future loss of an evolutionarily significant unit of woodland caribou in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kaphegyi, T. A. M., Dees, M., Zlatanova, D., Ueffing, C., Dutsov, A., and Kaphegyi, U. (2013). Rapid assessment of linear transport infrastructure in relation to the impact on landscape continuity for large ranging mammals. Biodiversity and Conservation 22, 153–168.
Rapid assessment of linear transport infrastructure in relation to the impact on landscape continuity for large ranging mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kie, J. G., and Bowyer, R. T. (1999). Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: density-dependent changes in use of space, habitat selection, and dietary niche. Journal of Mammalogy 80, 1004–1020.
Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: density-dependent changes in use of space, habitat selection, and dietary niche.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kie, J. G., Bowyer, R. T., Nicholson, M. C., Boroski, B. B., and Loft, E. R. (2002). Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: effects on spatial distribution of mule deer. Ecology 83, 530–544.
Landscape heterogeneity at differing scales: effects on spatial distribution of mule deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Krausman, P. R. (2000). An introduction to the restoration of bighorn sheep. Restoration Ecology 8, 3–5.
An introduction to the restoration of bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Krausman, P. R., Hervert, J. J., and Ordway, L. L. (1984). Radio tracking desert mule deer and bighorn sheep with light aircraft. In ‘Deer in the Southwest: a Workshop’. (Eds P. R. Krausman and N. Smith.) pp. 115–118. (School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona: Tucson, AZ.)

Krausman, P. R., Hervert, J. J., and Ordway, L. L. (1985). Capturing deer and mountain sheep with a net-gun. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13, 71–73.

Lendrum, P. E., Anderson, C. R., Monteith, K. L., Jenks, J. A., and Bowyer, R. T. (2013). Migrating mule deer: effects of anthropogenically altered landscapes. Plos One 8, e64548.
Migrating mule deer: effects of anthropogenically altered landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXot1ygtL4%3D&md5=865458ea422645162d78f61f13f4901bCAS | 23691246PubMed |

Leslie, D. M., and Douglas, C. L. (1979). Desert bighorn sheep of the River Mountains, Nevada. Wildlife Monographs 66, 1–56.

MacArthur, R. A., Geist, V., and Johnston, R. H. (1982). Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 46, 351–358.
Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Main, M. B. (2008). Reconciling competing ecological explanations for sexual segregation in ungulates. Ecology 89, 693–704.
Reconciling competing ecological explanations for sexual segregation in ungulates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18459333PubMed |

Martens, S., and Baldwin, B. (1983). Vegetation and flora. In ‘Old Dad-Kelso Mountains Resource Survey’. (Ed. B. B. Curry.) pp. 3.1–3.43. (Environmental Studies Program, University of California Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara, CA.)

McCullough, D. R., Hirth, D. H., and Newhouse, S. J. (1989). Resource partitioning between sexes in white-tailed deer. The Journal of Wildlife Management 53, 277–283.
Resource partitioning between sexes in white-tailed deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Miquelle, D. G., Peek, J. M., and Van Ballenberghe, V. (1992). Sexual segregation in Alaskan moose. Wildlife Monographs 122, 1–57.

Montgomery, R. A., Roloff, G. J., and Millspaugh, J. J. (2013). Variation in elk response to roads by season, sex, and road type. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77, 313–325.
Variation in elk response to roads by season, sex, and road type.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mysterud, A. (2000). The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores. Oecologia 124, 40–54.
The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nicholson, M. C., Bowyer, R. T., and Kie, J. G. (1997). Habitat selection and survival of mule deer: tradeoffs associated with migration. Journal of Mammalogy 78, 483–504.
Habitat selection and survival of mule deer: tradeoffs associated with migration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oehler, M. W., Bowyer, R. T., and Bleich, V. C. (2003). Home ranges of female mountain sheep, Ovis canadensis nelsoni: effects of precipitation in a desert ecosystem. Mammalia 67, 385–401.
Home ranges of female mountain sheep, Ovis canadensis nelsoni: effects of precipitation in a desert ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pierce, B. M., Bowyer, R. T., and Bleich, V. C. (2004). Habitat selection by mule deer: forage benefits or risk of predation? The Journal of Wildlife Management 68, 533–541.
Habitat selection by mule deer: forage benefits or risk of predation?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rubin, E. S., and Bleich, V. C. (2005). Sexual segregation: a necessary consideration in wildlife conservation. In ‘Sexual Segregation in Vertebrates: Ecology of the Two Sexes’. (Eds K. E. Ruckstuhl and P. Neuhaus.) pp. 379–391. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)

Rubin, E. S., Boyce, W. M., Jorgensen, M. C., Torres, S. G., Hayes, C. L., O’Brien, C. S., and Jessup, D. A. (1998). Distribution and abundance of bighorn sheep in the peninsular ranges, California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26, 539–551.

Rubin, E. S., Boyce, W. M., Stermer, C. J., and Torres, S. G. (2002). Bighorn sheep habitat use and selection near an urban environment. Biological Conservation 104, 251–263.
Bighorn sheep habitat use and selection near an urban environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rytwinski, T., and Fahrig, L. (2012). Do species life history traits explain population responses to roads? A meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 147, 87–98.
Do species life history traits explain population responses to roads? A meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schroeder, C. A., Bowyer, R. T., Bleich, V. C., and Stephenson, T. R. (2010). Sexual segregation in Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis sierrae: ramifications for conservation. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42, 476–489.
Sexual segregation in Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis sierrae: ramifications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwartz, O. A., Bleich, V. C., and Holl, S. A. (1986). Genetics and the conservation of mountain sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni. Biological Conservation 37, 179–190.
Genetics and the conservation of mountain sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Seddon, P. J., Armstrong, D. P., and Maloney, R. F. (2007). Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology 21, 303–312.
Developing the science of reintroduction biology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17391180PubMed |

(2011). Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 92, 235–253.
Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Singer, F. J., Bleich, V. C., and Gudorf, M. A. (2000a). Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western national parks. Restoration Ecology 8, 14–24.
Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western national parks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Singer, F. J., Papouchis, C. M., and Symonds, K. K. (2000b). Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep. Restoration Ecology 8, 6–13.
Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smith, T. S., Flinders, J. T., and Winn, D. S. (1991). A habitat evaluation procedure for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in the intermountain west. The Great Basin Naturalist 51, 205–225.

Steiniger, S., and Hunter, A. J. S. (2012). OpenJUMP HoRAE: a free GIS and toolbox for home-range analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 36, 600–608.
OpenJUMP HoRAE: a free GIS and toolbox for home-range analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stewart, K. M., Fulbright, T. E., Drawe, D. L., and Bowyer, R. T. (2003). Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: responses to habitat manipulations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31, 1210–1217.

Stewart, K. M., Bowyer, R. T., Kie, J. G., and Hurley, M. A. (2010). Spatial distributions of mule deer and North American elk: resource partitioning in a sage-steppe environment. American Midland Naturalist 163, 400–412.
Spatial distributions of mule deer and North American elk: resource partitioning in a sage-steppe environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stewart, K. M., Walsh, D. R., Kie, J. G., Dick, B. L., and Bowyer, R. T. (2015). Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence. Ecology and Evolution 5, 709–721.
Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25691992PubMed |

Valdez, R., and Krausman, P. R. (1999). Description, distribution, and abundance of mountain sheep in North America. In ‘Mountain Sheep of North America’. (Eds R. Valdez, P. R. Krausman.) pp. 3–22. (University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ.)

Van der Ree, R., Jaeger, J. A. G., Van der Grift, E. A., and Clevenger, A. P. (2011). Effects of roads and traffic on wildlife populations and landscape function: road ecology is moving toward larger scales. Ecology and Society 16, 48.

Wearmouth, V. J., and Sims, D. W. (2008). Sexual segregation in marine fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals: behaviour patterns, mechanisms, and conservation implications. In ‘Advances in Marine Biology, Vol 54’. (Ed. D. W. Sims.) pp. 107–170. (Elsevier Academic Press Inc.: San Diego, CA.)

Whiting, J. C., Bowyer, R. T., Flinders, J. T., Bleich, V. C., and Kie, J. G. (2010a). Sexual segregation and use of water by bighorn sheep: implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 13, 541–548.
Sexual segregation and use of water by bighorn sheep: implications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whiting, J. C., Stewart, K. M., Bowyer, R. T., and Flinders, J. T. (2010b). Reintroduced bighorn sheep: do females adjust maternal care to compensate for late-born young? European Journal of Wildlife Research 56, 349–357.
Reintroduced bighorn sheep: do females adjust maternal care to compensate for late-born young?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whiting, J. C., Bowyer, R. T., Flinders, J. T., and Eggett, D. L. (2011). Reintroduced bighorn sheep: fitness consequences of adjusting parturition to local environments. Journal of Mammalogy 92, 213–220.
Reintroduced bighorn sheep: fitness consequences of adjusting parturition to local environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whiting, J. C., Olson, D. D., Shannon, J. M., Bowyer, R. T., Klaver, R. W., and Flinders, J. T. (2012). Timing and synchrony of births in bighorn sheep: implications for reintroduction and conservation. Wildlife Research 39, 565–572.
Timing and synchrony of births in bighorn sheep: implications for reintroduction and conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yan, W. B., Zeng, Z. G., Pan, D., Wang, T. J., Zhang, Q., Fu, Y. N., Lin, X. M., and Song, Y. L. (2013). Scale-dependent habitat selection by reintroduced Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) in a human-dominated landscape. Wildlife Research 40, 217–227.
Scale-dependent habitat selection by reintroduced Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) in a human-dominated landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yokochi, K., Chambers, B. K., and Bencini, R. (2015). An artificial waterway and road restrict movements and alter home ranges of endangered arboreal marsupial. Journal of Mammalogy 96, 1284–1294.
An artificial waterway and road restrict movements and alter home ranges of endangered arboreal marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zar, J. H. (1999). ‘Biostatistical Analysis.’ 4th edn. (Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.)

Zeigenfuss, L. C., Singer, F. J., and Gudorf, M. A. (2000). Test of a modified habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep. Restoration Ecology 8, 38–46.
Test of a modified habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |