Environmental context. The advent of nanotechnology means that the release of nanomaterials into the environment is very likely, if not inevitable, and knowing the environmental impact of such nanomaterials is important. A key aspect of understanding this impact is to learn how nanomaterials affect microorganisms, a critical part of the environment; this topic is addressed in this review, which specifically concerns nanoparticle–bacteria interactions. Current studies show that nanoparticles have the potential to impact bacterial viability, although a great deal remains to be understood concerning nanoparticle–bacteria interactions.

Abstract. Part of the responsible use of nanotechnology will be to better delineate the potential impact of nanomaterials released into the environment. A key aspect of understanding this impact is to examine the interaction between nanomaterials and microorganisms, which are not only highly abundant in nature but critical for global environmental processes. In this Highlight, current knowledge about the interaction between bacteria and industrially-relevant nanoparticles is reviewed. Important areas for further study are discussed.