Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Comparison of banana flower powder and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on rumen fermentation and milk production in dairy cows

Sungchhang Kang A , Metha Wanapat B C , Anusorn Cherdthong B and Kampanat Phesatcha B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Agricultural Unit, Department of Education, National Institute of Education, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

B Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Centre (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.

C Corresponding author. Email: metha@kku.ac.th

Animal Production Science 56(10) 1650-1661 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15055
Submitted: 2 February 2015  Accepted: 2 April 2015   Published: 17 June 2015

Abstract

Four Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the effect of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation as rumen-buffering agents on rumen fermentation and milk production. The first factor was two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R : C) at 60 : 40 and 40 : 60, whereas the second was two sources of buffering agent (BAFLOP and NaHCO3) supplemented at 20 g/kg of dry matter intake. All cows were fed total dry matter intake at 25 g/kg bodyweight and untreated rice straw was used as a roughage source. Feeding R : C at 40 : 60 increased nutrient digestibilities, nitrogen absorption, allantoin excretion and absorption, microbial nitrogen synthesis, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis in both BAFLOP- and NaHCO3-supplemented groups. BAFLOP supplementation could maintain ruminal pH as NaHCO3. Blood urea nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid and propionate, and milk yield increased in cows fed R : C at 40 : 60 both in BAFLOP and NaHCO3 supplementation, whereas acetate was relatively high in cows consuming R : C at 60 : 40. However, rumen microorganisms were similar among treatments whereas milk compositions were unchanged by the dietary treatments, except milk fat and total solids were the highest in cow consumed R : C at 60 : 40. The results suggested that feeding R : C at 40 : 60 resulted in improvement of nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency and milk production, and supplementation of BAFLOP showed similar buffering capacity as NaHCO3. Therefore, BAFLOP could be used efficiently as a dietary rumen-buffering agent and promisingly deserves a replacement for bicarbonate sources in lactating dairy cows fed on a high concentrate diet.

Additional keywords: buffering agent, dairy cow, rumen ecology.


References

Adams DC, Galyean ML, Kiesling HE, Wallace JD, Finkner MD (1981) Influence of viable yeast culture, sodium bicarbonate and monensin on liquid dilution rate, rumen fermentation and feedlot performance on growing steers and digestibility in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 53, 780–789.

Allen MS (2000) Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1598–1624.
Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltVGgtb0%3D&md5=7693c3ac690cb2658c2d61f9f0532dd8CAS | 10908065PubMed |

AOAC (1997) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 16th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Gaithersburg, MD)

ARC (1984) ‘The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock (Suppl. 1).’ (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: Slough, UK)

Armstrong DA, Blaxter KL, Graham NM (1960) Fat synthesis from glucose by sheep. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 19, 31–32.

Askar AR, Guada JA, Gonzalez JM, de Vega A, Castrillo C (2011) Effect of sodium bicarbonate on diet selection and rumen digestion by growing lambs individually fed whole barley grain and a protein supplement at their choice. Animal Feed Science and Technology 164, 45–52.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate on diet selection and rumen digestion by growing lambs individually fed whole barley grain and a protein supplement at their choice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhvFWlsbs%3D&md5=e361cb041d4b26bd82d0c3deb3701c26CAS |

Beauchemin KA, Farr BI, Rode LM (1991) Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and alfalfa hay quality on chewing, rumen function, and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3140–3151.
Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and alfalfa hay quality on chewing, rumen function, and milk production of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK387jvVyguw%3D%3D&md5=2ad60491b1347bbb6239928388217d71CAS | 1663958PubMed |

Bunn CR, Matrone G (1968) Dietary factors affecting utilization of urea nitrogen by sheep in purified diets. The Journal of Nutrition 95, 122–128.

Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Yanez-Ruiz DR, Martin-Garcia AI, Molina-Alcaidem E (2009) Effect of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth in goats. Journal of Animal Science 87, 622–631.
Effect of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth in goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisFGns78%3D&md5=67386c9d1e60463d6063acabd03d4114CAS | 18952730PubMed |

Carro MD, Valdes C, Ranilla MJ, Gonzalez JS (2000) Effect of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet on ruminal fermentation and digesta flow kinetics in sheep offered food at a fixed and restricted level of intake. Animal Science Journal 70, 127–134.

Çetinkaya N, Ünal S (1992) Effects of bicarbonate on rumen degradability of concentrate and grass hay in Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 9, 117–123.
Effects of bicarbonate on rumen degradability of concentrate and grass hay in Angora goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chen XB, Gomes MJ (1995) Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. Occasional publication 1992. International Feed Resources Unit, Rowel Research Institute, Aberdeen, UK.

Clark JH, Christensen RA, Bateman HG, Cummings KR (2009) Effect of sodium sesquicarbonate on dry matter intake and production of milk and milk components by Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3354–3363.
Effect of sodium sesquicarbonate on dry matter intake and production of milk and milk components by Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnslGjtbg%3D&md5=6f84be871ca21c084728e39d0fb561a6CAS | 19528612PubMed |

Crichton N (1999) Information point: Tukey Multiple Comparison test. Blackwell Science Ltd. Journal of Clinical Nursing 8, 299–304.

Crocker CL (1967) Rapid determination of urea nitrogen in serum or plasma without deproteinization. The American Journal of Medical Technology 33, 361–365.

Davis CL, Brown RE, Beitz DC (1964) Effect of feeding high-grain restricted-roughage rations with and without bicarbonates on the fat content of milk produced and proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 47, 1217–1219.
Effect of feeding high-grain restricted-roughage rations with and without bicarbonates on the fat content of milk produced and proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXltlOj&md5=904e2b7314de14b0345200417c446591CAS |

Dawson KA, Allison MJ (1988) Digestive disorders and nutritional toxicity. In ‘The rumen microbial ecosystem’. (Ed. PN Hobson) pp. 445–459. (Elsevier Science: Barking, Essex)

Dijkstra J, Ellis JL, Kebreab E, Strathe AB, Lopez S, France J, Bannink A (2012) Rumianl pH regulation and nutritional consequences of low pH. Journal of Dairy Science 172, 22–33.

Erdman RA (1988) Dietary buffering requirements of the lactating dairy cow. A review. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 3246–3266.
Dietary buffering requirements of the lactating dairy cow. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Franzolin R, Dehority BA (1996) Effect of prolonged concentrate feeding on ruminal protozoa concentration. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2803–2809.

Galyean M (1989) ‘Laboratory procedures in animal nutrition research.’ (Department of Animals and Range Science, New Mexico State University: Las Cruces, NM)

Grant RJ, Weidner SJ (1992) Digestion kinetics of fiber: influence of in vitro buffer pH varied within observed physiological range. Journal of Animal Science 75, 1060–1068.

Ha JK, Emerick RJ, Embry LB (1983) In vitro effect of pH variations on rumen fermentation, and in vivo effects of buffers in lambs before and after adaptation to high concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 56, 698–706.

Hobson PN (1969) Continuous culture of some anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic rumen bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 38, 80–167.

Hu W, Murphy MR (2005) Statistical evaluation of early- and mid-lactation dairy cow responses to dietary sodium bicarbonate addition. Journal of Dairy Science 119, 43–54.

Hu ZH, Tu HQ, Zhu RF (2005) Influence of particle size and pH on anaerobic degradation of cellulose by rumen microbes. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 55, 233–238.
Influence of particle size and pH on anaerobic degradation of cellulose by rumen microbes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivVSgu7c%3D&md5=8cdfa522f9b58447e2b4efe6a359aa1aCAS |

Hungate RE (1969) A role tube method for cultivation of strict anaerobes. In ‘Method in microbiology’. (Eds JR Norris, DW Ribbons) pp. 313–318. (Academic Press: New York)

Kalscheur KF, Teter BB, Piperova L, Erdman RA (1997) Effect of dietary forage concentration and buffer addition on duodenal flow of trans-C18:1 fatty acids and milk fat production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 2104–2114.
Effect of dietary forage concentration and buffer addition on duodenal flow of trans-C18:1 fatty acids and milk fat production in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmsFejurg%3D&md5=66d3ad1a20530b843d82964ba03f0511CAS | 9313153PubMed |

Kang S, Wanapat M (2013) Using plant source as a buffering agent to manipulating rumen fermentation in an in vitro gas production system. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 26, 1424–1436.
Using plant source as a buffering agent to manipulating rumen fermentation in an in vitro gas production system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslarsr3F&md5=1386424a23df7e298a9a8265fc0fac9eCAS | 25049726PubMed |

Kang S, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A (2014) Effect of banana flower powder supplementation as a rumen buffer on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers fed on high concentrate diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 196, 32–41.
Effect of banana flower powder supplementation as a rumen buffer on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers fed on high concentrate diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlaiur%2FK&md5=7f09790509b756745cf29bf2f4be1165CAS |

Kawas JR, Schacht WH, Shelton JM, Olivares E, Lu CD (1999) Effects of grain supplementation on the intake and digestibility of rang diets consumed by goats. Small Ruminant Research 34, 49–56.

Kawas JR, García-Castillo R, Fimbres-Durazo H, Garza-Cazares F, Hernández-Vidal JFG, Olivares-Sáenz E, Lu CD (2007) Effects of sodium bicarbonate and yeast on nutrient intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of lightweight lambs fed finishing diets. Small Ruminant Research 67, 149–156.
Effects of sodium bicarbonate and yeast on nutrient intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of lightweight lambs fed finishing diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kennelly JJ, Robinson B, Khorasani GR (1999) Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in early-lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 2486–2496.
Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in early-lactation Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnsVGnu7o%3D&md5=6b74f69ec4d174d4648c98275afd0134CAS | 10575616PubMed |

Khorasani GR, Kennelly JJ (2001) Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in late-lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1707–1716.

Koul V, Kumar U, Sareen VK, Singh S (1998) Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on ruminal microbial populations and metabolism in buffalo calves. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 68, 629–631.

Lee D, Matrone G (1971) Influences of monovalent cations on growth and lactic acid metabolism of sheep fed purified diets. The Journal of Nutrition 101, 967–974.

Lee MRF, Tweed JKS, Dewhurst RJ, Scollan ND (2006) Effect of forage: concentrate ratio on ruminal metabolism and duodenal flow of fatty acids in beef steers. Animal Science Journal 82, 31–40.

Mandebvu P, Galbraith H (1999) Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation and variation in the proportion of barley and sugar beet pulp on growth performance and rumen, blood and carcass characteristics in young entire lambs. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 37–49.

Marden JP, Julien C, Monteils V, Auclair E, Moncoulon R, Bayourthe C (2007) How does live yeast differ from sodium bicarbonate to stabilize ruminal pH in high-yielding dairy cows? Journal of Animal Science 91, 3528–3535.

McDonald P, Edward RA, Greenhalg JF, Morgan CA (1996) ‘Animal nutrition.’ (Longman Scientific and Technical: Harlow, UK)

Mertens DR, Ely LO (1979) A dynamic model of fiber digestion and passage in the ruminant for evaluating forage quality. Journal of Animal Science 49, 1085–1095.

Meschy F, Bravo D, Sauvant D (2004) Meta analysis of responses of lactating cows to buffer supplementation. Productions Animales 17, 11–18.

Mir Z, Mir PS (1994) Effect of the addition of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth and carcass quality of steers fed high-forage or high-grain diets and on feed digestibility and in situ degradability. Journal of Animal Science 72, 537–545.

Miron J, Ben-Ghedalia D, Morrison M (2001) Invited Review: adhesion mechanisms of rumen cellulolytic bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1294–1309.
Invited Review: adhesion mechanisms of rumen cellulolytic bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktlKhu7c%3D&md5=51b785d25c69100cfdc5ef14dec0651fCAS | 11417686PubMed |

Mould FL, Ørskov ER (1983) Manipulation of rumen fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco dry matter degradation and rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate. Journal of Dairy Science 10, 1–14.

Mould FL, Ørskov ER, Gauld SA (1983) Associative effect of mixed feeds. II. Effect of dietary addition of bicarbonate salts on the voluntary intake and digestibility of diets containing various proportions of hay and barley. Journal of Dairy Science 10, 31–47.

Mould FL, Ørskov ER, Mann SO (1984) Associative effects of mixed feeds. I Effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter degradation of various roughages. Journal of Dairy Science 10, 15–20.

Mouriño F, Akkarawongsa RA, Weimer PJ (2001) Initial pH as a determinant of cellulose digestion rate by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 848–859.
Initial pH as a determinant of cellulose digestion rate by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11352162PubMed |

Murphy M, Akerlind M, Holtenius K (2000) Rumen fermentation in lactating cows selected for milk fat content fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 756–764.
Rumen fermentation in lactating cows selected for milk fat content fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivFWlt7s%3D&md5=ab3c2ab24895e9d72c99177e1df74a29CAS | 10791792PubMed |

Ngamsaeng A, Wanapat M, Khampa S (2006) Evaluation of local tropical plants by in vitro rumen fermentation and their effects on fermentation end-products. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5, 414–418.
Evaluation of local tropical plants by in vitro rumen fermentation and their effects on fermentation end-products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nocek JE, Tamminga S (1991) Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3598–3629.
Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmtVCjur8%3D&md5=6efb68654b24137cd2ac9aacf52db946CAS | 1744284PubMed |

Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR (1998) Acidosis in cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science 76, 275–286.

Ramanzin M, Bailoni L, Schiavon S (1997) Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on comparative digestion in sheep, goats and fallow deer. Animal Science Journal 64, 163–170.
Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on comparative digestion in sheep, goats and fallow deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ramos S, Tejido ML, Martínez ME, Ranilla MJ, Carro MD (2009) Microbial protein synthesis, ruminal digestion, microbial populations, and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets varying in forage-to-concentrate ratio and type of forage. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2924–2934.
Microbial protein synthesis, ruminal digestion, microbial populations, and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets varying in forage-to-concentrate ratio and type of forage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFSqu7fO&md5=5368cc82bdc5c3f752cde492678a1d7fCAS | 19465498PubMed |

Rauch RE, Robinson PH, Erasmus LJ (2012) Effect of sodium bicarbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate supplementation on performance of high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 177, 180–193.

Reynolds CK (2006) Production and metabolic effects of site of starch digestion in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 130, 78–94.

Rogers JA, Davis CL (1982) Effects of intraruminal infusions of mineral salts on volatile fatty acid production in steers fed high-grain and high-roughage diets. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 953–962.
Effects of intraruminal infusions of mineral salts on volatile fatty acid production in steers fed high-grain and high-roughage diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XktlOrsLc%3D&md5=82285e794f37edcf97569af235561b0aCAS | 6286743PubMed |

Rogers JA, Davis CL, Clark JH (1982) Alteration of rumen fermentation, milk fat synthesis, and nutrient utilization with mineral salts in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 577–586.
Alteration of rumen fermentation, milk fat synthesis, and nutrient utilization with mineral salts in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhvFygsrw%3D&md5=f2c2bf63008e995c5a89eb5b2abf3b30CAS | 6284823PubMed |

Russell JB, Wilson DB (1996) Why are cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest at low pH? Journal of Dairy Science 79, 1503–1509.
Why are cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest at low pH?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xlsleltr4%3D&md5=f9632ed9dced7bed978ebaf16d3c2a41CAS | 8880476PubMed |

Samuel M, Sagathewan S, Thomus J, Mathen G (1997) An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 67, 805–807.

Santra A, Chaturvedi OH, Tripathi MK, Kumar R, Karim SA (2003) Effect of dietary sodium bicarbonate supplementation on fermentation characteristics and ciliate protozoal population in rumen of lambs. Small Ruminant Research 47, 203–212.
Effect of dietary sodium bicarbonate supplementation on fermentation characteristics and ciliate protozoal population in rumen of lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Slyter LL (1986) The ability of pH-selected mixed ruminal microbial population to digest fiber at various pHs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, 390–391.

Snyder TJ, Rogers JA, Muller LD (1983) Effect of 1.2% sodium bicarbonate with two ratios of cornsilage:grain on milk production, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 66, 1290–1297.
Effect of 1.2% sodium bicarbonate with two ratios of cornsilage:grain on milk production, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXks12htLg%3D&md5=b6578ae10fe0bc45a68155b2f7c41aa1CAS | 6309932PubMed |

SAS (1998) User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 6. 12th edn. (SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, NC)

Sung HG, Kobayashi Y, Chang J, Ha A, Hwang IH, Ha JK (2007) Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 200–207.
Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVOksLo%3D&md5=f9b82172273d9d50983b0c41afd8f3eaCAS |

Sutton JD, Dhanoa MS, Morant SV, France J, Napper DJ, Schuller E (2003) Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3620–3633.

Tajima K, Aminov RI, Nagamine T, Matsui H, Nakamura M, Benno Y (2001) Diet dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 2766–2774.
Diet dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1CitLs%3D&md5=77a1973ef6e4533a1fd55d3721bd001eCAS | 11375193PubMed |

Theurer CB, Huber JT, Delgado-Elorduy A, Wanderley R (1999) Invited review: summary of steam-flaking corn or sorghum grain for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 1950–1959.
Invited review: summary of steam-flaking corn or sorghum grain for lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmt1Ggtbs%3D&md5=f8427208486c98774fbd0450a3f41bc4CAS | 10509254PubMed |

Tripathi MK, Santra A, Chaturvedi OH, Karim SA (2004) Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on ruminal fluid pH, feed intake, nutrient utilization and growth of lambs fed high concentrate diets. Journal of Dairy Science 111, 27–39.

Ueda K, Ferlay A, Chabrot J, Loor JJ, Chilliard Y, Doreau M (2003) Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage:concentrate ratios. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3999–4007.
Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage:concentrate ratios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVWgs7fP&md5=16a72860dfa0089f0cd7025850defae1CAS | 14740838PubMed |

Valadares Filho CS, Broderick GA, Valadares RFD, Clayton MK (2000) Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on nutrient utilization and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 106–114.
Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on nutrient utilization and milk production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotVOmsg%3D%3D&md5=6fa9c8ae7a89b6843a4de1fde2b1d87cCAS |

Van Keulen J, Young BA (1977) Evaluation of acid insoluble ash as a neutral marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Journal of Animal Science 44, 282–287.

Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FnvVCltA%3D%3D&md5=e5c1ebe000070887297cc2a8c330cfc1CAS | 1660498PubMed |

Wanapat M, Kang S, Polyorach S (2013) Development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 4, 32
Development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23981662PubMed |

Weimer PJ (1996) Why don’t ruminal bacteria digest cellulose faster? Journal of Dairy Science 79, 1496–1502.
Why don’t ruminal bacteria digest cellulose faster?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xlslelsbc%3D&md5=30db045f3d02d166153d61f36bbffe5aCAS | 8880475PubMed |

West JW, Coppock CE, Milam KZ, Nave DH, Labore JM (1987) Potassium carbonate as a potassium source and dietary buffer for lactating Holstein cows during hot weather. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 309–320.
Potassium carbonate as a potassium source and dietary buffer for lactating Holstein cows during hot weather.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkvFGks74%3D&md5=09f3530472028490f57ef2028dce4efdCAS | 3571637PubMed |

William AG, Coleman GS (1992) ‘The rumen protozoa.’ (Springer: New York)