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Field evaluation of perennial grasses and herbs in southern Australia. 1. Establishment and herbage production
K. F. M.
Reed A B I K,
Z. N.
Nie A I,
S.
Miller C I J,
B. F.
Hackney D I,
S. P.
Boschma E I,
M. L.
Mitchell F I,
T. O.
Albertsen G I,
G. A.
Moore H I,
S. G.
Clark A I,
A. D.
Craig C I,
G.
Kearney A,
G. D.
Li D I,
B. S.
Dear D I
A
Victorian Department of Primary Industries, PB 105, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
B
Present address: Reed Pasture Science, 430 Beveridge Road, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
C
South Australian Research and Development Institute, Struan Research Centre, PO Box 618, Narracoorte, SA 5271, Australia.
D
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
E
NSW Department of Primary Industries, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia.
F
Victorian Department of Primary Industries, RMB 1145, Chiltern Valley Road, Rutherglen, Vic. 3685, Australia.
G
Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food, 10 Dore Street, Katanning, WA 6317, Australia.
H
Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6983, Australia.
I
Cooperative Research Centre for Plant-based Management of Dryland Salinity, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
J
Present address: South East Natural Resources Management Board, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia.
K
Corresponding author. Email: rps@eftel.net.au
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Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48(4) 409–423 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA07135
Submitted: 10 May 2007
Accepted: 21 December 2007
Published online: 7 March 2008
Abstract
To review pasture species for regions with 465–680 mm average annual rainfall, 22 perennial grasses and herbs were evaluated for pasture establishment and productivity in four states at seven locations where the arrest of groundwater recharge is considered necessary to ameliorate dryland salinity. Species represented introduced and native, temperate and subtropical grasses, chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). This report describes establishment and yield; the following paper describes persistence and root characteristics. Yields were measured over 2–3 years except at one site, which suffered severe drought. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cv. Avalon) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. Lolium arundinaceum. (Schreb.) Darbysh., cvv. AU Triumph and Resolute MaxP), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Porto) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L., cv. Holdfast and Australian) were the most productive species, with dry matter (DM) yields of 13.6–15.1 t/ha. For summer growth, Porto and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth, cv. Katambora) were the most productive species; relative to Australian in summer, Porto and Katambora produced 41% and 26% more DM, respectively (95% confidence). Perennial ryegrass (cv. Avalon), tall fescue (cv. Resolute MaxP) and chicory (cv. Grouse) were particularly valuable for autumn growth; Avalon was 30% more productive than Australian. Tall fescue (cv. Resolute MaxP) was 32% more productive than Australian in winter. Avalon and AU Triumph were the most productive grasses and herbs in spring. Based on natural rainfall over the 2–3 years of measurement, the mean water use productivity, ignoring any runoff, was 10.5 kg DM/ha.mm for the three most productive species. Apart from kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra Forssk), native grasses gradually established, but over a prolonged period weeping grass (Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br., cv. Wakefield) was the most rapid. Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, cocksfoot and phalaris maintained productive yields across a diverse range of soils and climates. Exploration of the diversity within these species in a nationally coordinated program of genetic improvement appears warranted for improving reliability and expanding the zone of adaptation.
Keywords:
endophytes, summer-dormant, winter-active.
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