Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
PERSPECTIVES ON ANIMAL BIOSCIENCES (Open Access)

RNA interference-based technology: what role in animal agriculture?

B. J. Bradford A C , C. A. Cooper B , M. L. Tizard B , T. J. Doran B and T. M. Hinton B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.

B CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Vic. 3219, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: bbradfor@ksu.edu

Animal Production Science 57(1) 1-15 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15437
Submitted: 8 August 2015  Accepted: 18 January 2016   Published: 23 May 2016

Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2017 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Animal agriculture faces a broad array of challenges, ranging from disease threats to adverse environmental conditions, while attempting to increase productivity using fewer resources. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological phenomenon with the potential to provide novel solutions to some of these challenges. Discovered just 20 years ago, the mechanisms underlying RNAi are now well described in plants and animals. Intracellular double-stranded RNA triggers a conserved response that leads to cleavage and degradation of complementary mRNA strands, thereby preventing production of the corresponding protein product. RNAi can be naturally induced by expression of endogenous microRNA, which are critical in the regulation of protein synthesis, providing a mechanism for rapid adaptation of physiological function. This endogenous pathway can be co-opted for targeted RNAi either through delivery of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target cells or by transgenic expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Potentially valuable RNAi targets for livestock include endogenous genes such as developmental regulators, transcripts involved in adaptations to new physiological states, immune response mediators, and also exogenous genes such as those encoded by viruses. RNAi approaches have shown promise in cell culture and rodent models as well as some livestock studies, but technical and market barriers still need to be addressed before commercial applications of RNAi in animal agriculture can be realised. Key challenges for exogenous delivery of siRNA include appropriate formulation for physical delivery, internal transport and eventual cellular uptake of the siRNA; additionally, rigorous safety and residue studies in target species will be necessary for siRNA delivery nanoparticles currently under evaluation. However, genomic incorporation of shRNA can overcome these issues, but optimal promoters to drive shRNA expression are needed, and genetic engineering may attract more resistance from consumers than the use of exogenous siRNA. Despite these hurdles, the convergence of greater understanding of RNAi mechanisms, detailed descriptions of regulatory processes in animal development and disease, and breakthroughs in synthetic chemistry and genome engineering has created exciting possibilities for using RNAi to enhance the sustainability of animal agriculture.

Additional keywords: gene silencing, livestock, pharmacology, RNAi.


References

Adachi T, Kawakami E, Ishimaru N, Ochiya T, Hayashi Y, Ohuchi H, Tanihara M, Tanaka E, Noji S (2010) Delivery of small interfering RNA with a synthetic collagen poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly) for gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Development, Growth & Differentiation 52, 693–699.
Delivery of small interfering RNA with a synthetic collagen poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly) for gene silencing in vitro and in vivo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVWjs7fN&md5=568c1c3691ec22b03b8641d70afc9749CAS |

Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA (2008) Biology of ticks. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22, 195–215.
Biology of ticks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18452797PubMed |

Australian Government (2014) Australia New Zealand food standards code – Standard 1.5.2 – Food produced using gene technology. Available at www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2014C01175 [Verified 3 August 2015]

Bitko V, Musiyenko A, Shulyayeva O, Barik S (2005) Inhibition of respiratory viruses by nasally administered siRNA. Nature Medicine 11, 50–55.
Inhibition of respiratory viruses by nasally administered siRNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXovF2q&md5=79c8c508eb1e76c341263736aa7893d9CAS | 15619632PubMed |

Brock A, Krause S, Li H, Kowalski M, Goldberg MS, Collins JJ, Ingber DE (2014) Silencing HoxA1 by intraductal injection of siRNA lipidoid nanoparticles prevents mammary tumor progression in mice. Science Translational Medicine 6, 217ra2
Silencing HoxA1 by intraductal injection of siRNA lipidoid nanoparticles prevents mammary tumor progression in mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24382894PubMed |

Brooks KE, Burns GW, Spencer TE (2015) Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARG) regulates conceptus elongation in sheep. Biology of Reproduction 92, 42
Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARG) regulates conceptus elongation in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25519185PubMed |

Brüning JC, Michael MD, Winnay JN, Hayashi T, Hörsch D, Accili D, Goodyear LJ, Kahn CR (1998) A muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance. Molecular Cell 2, 559–569.
A muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9844629PubMed |

Capper JL (2011) Replacing rose-tinted spectacles with a high-powered microscope: the historical versus modern carbon footprint of animal agriculture. Animal frontiers 1, 26–32.
Replacing rose-tinted spectacles with a high-powered microscope: the historical versus modern carbon footprint of animal agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chang K, Qian J, Jiang M, Liu YH, Wu MC, Chen CD, Lai CK, Lo HL, Hsiao CT, Brown L, Bolen J, Huang HI, Ho PY, Shih PY, Yao CW, Lin WJ, Chen CH, Wu FY, Lin YJ, Wang K (2002) Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer. BMC Biotechnology 2, 5
Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11964188PubMed |

Chang Y, Dou Y, Bao H, Luo X, Liu X, Mu K, Liu Z, Liu X, Cai X (2014) Multiple microRNAs targeted to internal ribosome entry site against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Virology Journal 11, 1
Multiple microRNAs targeted to internal ribosome entry site against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24393133PubMed |

Chapman EJ, Carrington JC (2007) Specialization and evolution of endogenous small RNA pathways. Nature Reviews. Genetics 8, 884–896.
Specialization and evolution of endogenous small RNA pathways.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFOksL7K&md5=137e110701c1610b7fa0d16407935c7bCAS | 17943195PubMed |

Collares T, Campos VF, de Leon PMM, Cavalcanti PV, Amaral MG, Dellagostin OA, Deschamps JC, Seixas FK (2011) Transgene transmission in chickens by sperm-mediated gene transfer after seminal plasma removal and exogenous DNA treated with dimethylsulfoxide or N, N-dimethylacetamide. Journal of Biosciences 36, 613–620.
Transgene transmission in chickens by sperm-mediated gene transfer after seminal plasma removal and exogenous DNA treated with dimethylsulfoxide or N, N-dimethylacetamide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Giu7vO&md5=0f9eb84c760c5c600515d7af73be85a0CAS | 21857108PubMed |

Dai Z, Wu R, Zhao YC, Wang KK, Huang YY, Yang X, Xie ZC, Tu CC, Ouyang HS, Wang TD, Pang DX (2014) Early lethality of shRNA-transgenic pigs due to saturation of microRNA pathways. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 15, 466–473.
Early lethality of shRNA-transgenic pigs due to saturation of microRNA pathways.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXotFSrurg%3D&md5=6d41064b61155742e9a80d7f5aef55b0CAS | 24793764PubMed |

de la Fuente J, Kocan KM (2006) Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid tick species. Parasite Immunology 28, 275–283.
Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid tick species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt1ynuro%3D&md5=519fdbcc5e2cdd2399d3bd4a4d1cb55fCAS | 16842264PubMed |

de la Fuente J, Almazán C, Blouin E, Naranjo V, Kocan K (2005) RNA interference screening in ticks for identification of protective antigens. Parasitology Research 96, 137–141.
RNA interference screening in ticks for identification of protective antigens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15824899PubMed |

de la Fuente J, Almazán C, Blouin E, Naranjo V, Kocan K (2006a) Reduction of tick infections with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin. Parasitology Research 100, 85–91.
Reduction of tick infections with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16816958PubMed |

de la Fuente J, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Blouin EF, Meyer JM, Kocan KM (2006b) Autocidal control of ticks by silencing of a single gene by RNA interference. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 344, 332–338.
Autocidal control of ticks by silencing of a single gene by RNA interference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvFWntrs%3D&md5=a56beadb0673eac8ca6a0695fbae49a8CAS | 16630571PubMed |

de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Almazán C, Blouin EF (2007) RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks. Trends in Parasitology 23, 427–433.
RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsFGmsLg%3D&md5=99d661187690143ec12e4fc173683984CAS | 17656154PubMed |

Dickins RA, McJunkin K, Hernando E, Premsrirut PK, Krizhanovsky V, Burgess DJ, Kim SY, Cordon-Cardo C, Zender L, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW (2007) Tissue-specific and reversible RNA interference in transgenic mice. Nature Genetics 39, 914–921.
Tissue-specific and reversible RNA interference in transgenic mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvFKls7w%3D&md5=bb4c1530b54ef57b2165953fd14ec1f1CAS | 17572676PubMed |

Dong Z, Ge J, Li K, Xu Z, Liang D, Li J, Li J, Jia W, Li Y, Dong X, Cao S, Wang X, Pan J, Zhao Q (2011) Heritable targeted inactivation of myostatin gene in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) using engineered zinc finger nucleases. PLoS One 6, e28897
Heritable targeted inactivation of myostatin gene in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) using engineered zinc finger nucleases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xis1Snsg%3D%3D&md5=4b26338db77b00c4039817c10ffdb326CAS | 22194943PubMed |

Dong Y, Love KT, Dorkin JR, Sirirungruang S, Zhang Y, Chen D, Bogorad RL, Yin H, Chen Y, Vegas AJ, Alabi CA, Sahay G, Olejnik KT, Wang W, Schroeder A, Lytton-Jean AK, Siegwart DJ, Akinc A, Barnes C, Barros SA, Carioto M, Fitzgerald K, Hettinger J, Kumar V, Novobrantseva TI, Qin J, Querbes W, Koteliansky V, Langer R, Anderson DG (2014) Lipopeptide nanoparticles for potent and selective siRNA delivery in rodents and nonhuman primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, 3955–3960.
Lipopeptide nanoparticles for potent and selective siRNA delivery in rodents and nonhuman primates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjtlyhsL4%3D&md5=60b44ba660a38334e2a8781e15472cb9CAS | 24516150PubMed |

Du J, Guo X, Gao S, Luo J, Gong X, Hao C, Yang B, Lin T, Shao J, Cong G, Chang H (2014) Induction of protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture and transgenic suckling mice by miRNA targeting integrin αv receptor. Journal of Biotechnology 187, 154–161.
Induction of protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture and transgenic suckling mice by miRNA targeting integrin αv receptor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsVOmsLzL&md5=b2e3d80b7ced885cc08ccd6267372466CAS | 25016204PubMed |

Duff GC, Galyean ML (2007) Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85, 823–840.
Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXit1Wktbs%3D&md5=47318506abbd8440920e2ed36c6926edCAS | 17085724PubMed |

Dumortier O, Hinault C, Van Obberghen E (2013) MicroRNAs and metabolism crosstalk in energy homeostasis. Cell Metabolism 18, 312–324.
MicroRNAs and metabolism crosstalk in energy homeostasis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtV2rsL%2FI&md5=5fdd088b6793683b3ad0c0c7befba74dCAS | 23850315PubMed |

Dykxhoorn DM, Lieberman J (2005) The silent revolution: RNA interference as basic biology, research tool, and therapeutic. Annual Review of Medicine 56, 401–423.
The silent revolution: RNA interference as basic biology, research tool, and therapeutic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisVSrtro%3D&md5=e1e4b2fee7922d0dbd837cd47d34ecdbCAS | 15660519PubMed |

Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411, 494–498.
Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1ejt7Y%3D&md5=173a3747f1a488cb4d8912a83e556ca3CAS | 11373684PubMed |

ENCODE Project Consortium (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature 489, 57–74.

Engels JW (2013) Gene silencing by chemically modified siRNAs. New Biotechnology 30, 302–307.
Gene silencing by chemically modified siRNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXltVGitrw%3D&md5=0d43733fe6dcd890246e01595e865dc9CAS | 22820489PubMed |

FDA (2015) Guidance for Industry: regulation of genetically engineered animals containing heritable recombinant DNA constructs [Online]. Available at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm113903.pdf [Verified 3 August 2015]

Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806–811.
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlCju74%3D&md5=c39dcd3936ce512fb26405aef182c2adCAS | 9486653PubMed |

Furth PA, St Onge L, Böger H, Gruss P, Gossen M, Kistner A, Bujard H, Hennighausen L (1994) Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 9302–9306.
Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFeqt7c%3D&md5=ebad0cd1dae4c4daffe712b260a16b1cCAS | 7937760PubMed |

Gabriel R, Lombardo A, Arens A, Miller JC, Genovese P, Kaeppel C, Nowrouzi A, Bartholomae CC, Wang J, Friedman G, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Glimm H, Schmidt M, Naldini L, von Kalle C (2011) An unbiased genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity. Nature Biotechnology 29, 816–823.
An unbiased genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVOmur0%3D&md5=6ade2f5cf2d5430b785019fcb8b67d4fCAS | 21822255PubMed |

Gaj T, Gersbach CA, Barbas CF (2013) ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends in Biotechnology 31, 397–405.
ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnsVyiu7c%3D&md5=cfe3fffce532f86f6d06a25e2d923959CAS | 23664777PubMed |

Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Elder GA (2010) Animal transgenesis: an overview. Brain Structure & Function 214, 91–109.
Animal transgenesis: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktVCnsbs%3D&md5=dd071a707c667bc38f223c570adc9457CAS |

Gessner DK, Schlegel G, Keller J, Schwarz FJ, Ringseis R, Eder K (2013) Expression of target genes of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 in the liver of dairy cows in the transition period and at different stages of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 1038–1043.
Expression of target genes of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 in the liver of dairy cows in the transition period and at different stages of lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVCrsbbM&md5=d7bc0dead22799f5cfb035a43913940cCAS | 23245956PubMed |

Gismondi MI, Ortiz XP, Currá AP, Asurmendi S, Taboga O (2014) Artificial microRNAs as antiviral strategy to FMDV: structural implications of target selection. Journal of Virological Methods 199, 1–10.
Artificial microRNAs as antiviral strategy to FMDV: structural implications of target selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjsVWlt7w%3D&md5=6618ec05232a5d2e6e00a9765bf96c4cCAS | 24406623PubMed |

Golding MC, Long CR, Carmell MA, Hannon GJ, Westhusin ME (2006) Suppression of prion protein in livestock by RNA interference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 5285–5290.
Suppression of prion protein in livestock by RNA interference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xjslaqtbo%3D&md5=1e24c108926a3774fce0e30424a5fa7fCAS | 16567624PubMed |

Goldsmith M, Mizrahy S, Peer D (2011) Grand challenges in modulating the immune response with RNAi nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (London) 6, 1771–1785.
Grand challenges in modulating the immune response with RNAi nanomedicines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFCms7fO&md5=e6db9887662648bf9507c8ebdb3fbb91CAS |

Gordon JW, Ruddle FH (1981) Integration and stable germ line transmission of genes injected into mouse pronuclei. Science 214, 1244–1246.
Integration and stable germ line transmission of genes injected into mouse pronuclei.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XivFersA%3D%3D&md5=feb1c26d64f5190ff3d43246069beb22CAS | 6272397PubMed |

Grimm D, Streetz KL, Jopling CL, Storm TA, Pandey K, Davis CR, Marion P, Salazar F, Kay MA (2006) Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature 441, 537–541.
Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvVyku7g%3D&md5=386f6fcfae653d015f67a1f3153d8d77CAS | 16724069PubMed |

Guttman M, Amit I, Garber M, French C, Lin MF, Feldser D, Huarte M, Zuk O, Carey BW, Cassady JP, Cabili MN, Jaenisch R, Mikkelsen TS, Jacks T, Hacohen N, Bernstein BE, Kellis M, Regev A, Rinn JL, Lander ES (2009) Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 458, 223–227.
Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1ehsbo%3D&md5=c62e1f85070df18fbe6a9580092fd2d5CAS | 19182780PubMed |

Han Q, Zhang C, Zhang J, Tian Z (2011) Reversal of hepatitis B virus‐induced immune tolerance by an immunostimulatory 3p‐HBx‐siRNAs in a retinoic acid inducible gene I–dependent manner. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 54, 1179–1189.
Reversal of hepatitis B virus‐induced immune tolerance by an immunostimulatory 3p‐HBx‐siRNAs in a retinoic acid inducible gene I–dependent manner.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1amtbzN&md5=b9bef95d5ca65adccfc9b587f0af936dCAS |

Heiman A, Zilberman D (2011) The effects of framing on consumers’ choice of GM foods. AgBioForum 14, 171–179.

Hinton TM, Doran TJ (2008) Inhibition of chicken anaemia virus replication using multiple short-hairpin RNAs. Antiviral Research 80, 143–149.
Inhibition of chicken anaemia virus replication using multiple short-hairpin RNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1ensLnM&md5=04b149b2262453243ea00a40bceb3a63CAS | 18603312PubMed |

Hinton TM, Challagulla A, Stewart CR, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Grusche FA, Shi S, Bean AG, Monaghan P, Gunatillake PA, Thang SH, Tizard ML (2014) Inhibition of influenza virus in vivo by siRNA delivered using ABA triblock copolymer synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. Nanomedicine (London) 9, 1141–1154.
Inhibition of influenza virus in vivo by siRNA delivered using ABA triblock copolymer synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlKmsb3O&md5=4ede31537ce403e12e84bcb8c0d3dfd5CAS |

Hong CA, Nam YS (2014) Functional nanostructures for effective delivery of small interfering RNA therapeutics. Theranostics 4, 1211–1232.
Functional nanostructures for effective delivery of small interfering RNA therapeutics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25285170PubMed |

Hu S, Ni W, Sai W, Zi H, Qiao J, Wang P, Sheng J, Chen C (2013) Knockdown of myostatin expression by RNAi enhances muscle growth in transgenic sheep. PLoS One 8, e58521
Knockdown of myostatin expression by RNAi enhances muscle growth in transgenic sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXltFyqt7c%3D&md5=bd938ebf901102823903a3f3533a6675CAS | 23526994PubMed |

Inui M, Martello G, Piccolo S (2010) MicroRNA control of signal transduction. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 11, 252–263.
MicroRNA control of signal transduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXivFKnsbg%3D&md5=f75cfaa1d9086e04864cc9132cc08a9dCAS | 20216554PubMed |

Iwakawa HO, Tomari Y (2015) The functions of microRNAs: mRNA decay and translational repression. Trends in Cell Biology 25, 651–665.
The functions of microRNAs: mRNA decay and translational repression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhs1Sht7rE&md5=5153354c16992a3391c468776f7195a3CAS | 26437588PubMed |

Jabed A, Wagner S, McCracken J, Wells DN, Laible G (2012) Targeted microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of β-lactoglobulin-free, high-casein milk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 16811–16816.
Targeted microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of β-lactoglobulin-free, high-casein milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1Wks7fE&md5=0a584a152d26b8b47d703a94796fb2faCAS | 23027958PubMed |

Jackson AL, Bartz SR, Schelter J, Kobayashi SV, Burchard J, Mao M, Li B, Cavet G, Linsley PS (2003) Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi. Nature Biotechnology 21, 635–637.
Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFSlu7c%3D&md5=8df93642ddfc406c52bc55e3cfda5832CAS | 12754523PubMed |

Jiang N, Zhang X, Zheng X, Chen D, Zhang Y, Siu LKS, Xin HB, Li R, Zhao H, Riordan N, Ichim TE, Quan D, Jevnikar AM, Chen G, Min W (2011) Targeted gene silencing of TLR4 using liposomal nanoparticles for preventing liver ischemia reperfusion injury. American Journal of Transplantation 11, 1835–1844.
Targeted gene silencing of TLR4 using liposomal nanoparticles for preventing liver ischemia reperfusion injury.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12ktLrN&md5=4703935e2c0c1748522889bb7ccb88a7CAS | 21794086PubMed |

Jiao Y, Gong X, Du J, Liu M, Guo X, Chen L, Miao W, Jin T, Chang H, Zeng Y, Zheng Z (2013) Transgenically mediated shRNAs targeting conserved regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus provide heritable resistance in porcine cell lines and suckling mice. Veterinary Research 44, 47
Transgenically mediated shRNAs targeting conserved regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus provide heritable resistance in porcine cell lines and suckling mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1ersLbI&md5=daf0e6be1e56d6688b08c4d0cc5eae97CAS | 23822604PubMed |

Johnson JE, Wold BJ, Hauschka SD (1989) Muscle creatine kinase sequence elements regulating skeletal and cardiac muscle expression in transgenic mice. Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, 3393–3399.
Muscle creatine kinase sequence elements regulating skeletal and cardiac muscle expression in transgenic mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlt1yiur8%3D&md5=f49b1efc3815ad39dbbe3c884de1e404CAS | 2796990PubMed |

Judge AD, Sood V, Shaw JR, Fang D, McClintock K, MacLachlan I (2005) Sequence-dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA. Nature Biotechnology 23, 457–462.
Sequence-dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivFOhtLk%3D&md5=022e49a7ae2e90885c79c23c98d8a2b7CAS | 15778705PubMed |

Kahana R, Kuznetzova L, Rogel A, Shemesh M, Hai D, Yadin H, Stram Y (2004) Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by small interfering RNA. The Journal of General Virology 85, 3213–3217.
Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by small interfering RNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVSms7g%3D&md5=9d72c1c46dbb7ea7a057f1071da9a6a7CAS | 15483234PubMed |

Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, Bass JJ (1997) Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. Genome Research 7, 910–916.

Kanasty R, Dorkin JR, Vegas A, Anderson D (2013) Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics. Nature Materials 12, 967–977.
Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1Grt7rM&md5=2a1107998d5245e2b6e7e294d1ccc244CAS | 24150415PubMed |

Kawakami S, Hashida M (2007) Targeted delivery systems of small interfering RNA by systemic administration. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 22, 142–151.
Targeted delivery systems of small interfering RNA by systemic administration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpslCmtL0%3D&md5=6894ac99511646d4b251e3b670829e42CAS | 17603214PubMed |

Keita D, Heath L, Albina E (2010) Control of African swine fever virus replication by small interfering RNA targeting the A151R and VP72 genes. Antiviral Therapy 15, 727–736.
Control of African swine fever virus replication by small interfering RNA targeting the A151R and VP72 genes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFGms7rO&md5=b813cdade9bc12dad10ff642402a73ceCAS | 20710054PubMed |

Kim YJ, Maizel A, Chen X (2014) Traffic into silence: endomembranes and post-transcriptional RNA silencing. The EMBO Journal 33, 968–980.
Traffic into silence: endomembranes and post-transcriptional RNA silencing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtV2iu7%2FI&md5=9633ba512f98e7f51243775474f53f2eCAS | 24668229PubMed |

Kinouchi N, Ohsawa Y, Ishimaru N, Ohuchi H, Sunada Y, Hayashi Y, Tanimoto Y, Moriyama K, Noji S (2008) Atelocollagen-mediated local and systemic applications of myostatin-targeting siRNA increase skeletal muscle mass. Gene Therapy 15, 1126–1130.
Atelocollagen-mediated local and systemic applications of myostatin-targeting siRNA increase skeletal muscle mass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosVygtLc%3D&md5=be98366e149dd6f141cdacfb654f88e3CAS | 18323791PubMed |

Kling J (2009) First US approval for a transgenic animal drug. Nature Biotechnology 27, 302–304.
First US approval for a transgenic animal drug.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktFaksLo%3D&md5=e8eee08ac9ac60f5bdb8b79e6697e706CAS | 19352350PubMed |

Koch A, Kogel KH (2014) New wind in the sails: improving the agronomic value of crop plants through RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Plant Biotechnology Journal 12, 821–831.
New wind in the sails: improving the agronomic value of crop plants through RNAi-mediated gene silencing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsVSrtL%2FO&md5=3e85fca28cd54b5b749ff716acca97e9CAS | 25040343PubMed |

Koganti SRK, Zhu Z, Subbotina E, Gao Z, Sierra A, Proenza M, Yang L, Alekseev A, Hodgson-Zingman D, Zingman L (2015) Disruption of KATP channel expression in skeletal muscle by targeted oligonucleotide delivery promotes activity-linked thermogenesis. Molecular Therapy 23, 707–716.
Disruption of KATP channel expression in skeletal muscle by targeted oligonucleotide delivery promotes activity-linked thermogenesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXktVCmsL8%3D&md5=da016bcfd68c035e89505d3ec9ddc7d8CAS |

Lambeth LS, Moore RJ, Muralitharan MS, Doran TJ (2007) Suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference. Veterinary Microbiology 119, 132–143.
Suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXis1emsA%3D%3D&md5=72c1bebf3c799e12f6faa38f8e662cdcCAS | 17052865PubMed |

Lambeth LS, Cummins DM, Doran TJ, Sinclair AH, Smith CA (2013) Overexpression of aromatase alone is sufficient for ovarian development in genetically male chicken embryos. PLoS One 8, e68362
Overexpression of aromatase alone is sufficient for ovarian development in genetically male chicken embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFahsLzN&md5=ee3dc11109a07377bd845ecffd7b0521CAS | 23840850PubMed |

Ledford H (2015) Salmon approval heralds rethink of transgenic animals. Nature 527, 417–418.

Lee SJ, Son S, Yhee JY, Choi K, Kwon IC, Kim SH, Kim K (2013) Structural modification of siRNA for efficient gene silencing. Biotechnology Advances 31, 491–503.
Structural modification of siRNA for efficient gene silencing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslCnt73O&md5=ae32167b72efbc8eba69f3fd73b976d8CAS | 22985697PubMed |

Lee ASY, Burdeinick-Kerr R, Whelan SPJ (2014) A genome-wide small interfering RNA screen identifies host factors required for vesicular stomatitis virus infection. Journal of Virology 88, 8355–8360.
A genome-wide small interfering RNA screen identifies host factors required for vesicular stomatitis virus infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li T, Xu D, Zuo B, Lei M, Xiong Y, Chen H, Zhou Y, Wu X (2013) Ectopic overexpression of porcine DGAT1 increases intramuscular fat content in mouse skeletal muscle. Transgenic Research 22, 187–194.
Ectopic overexpression of porcine DGAT1 increases intramuscular fat content in mouse skeletal muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22826105PubMed |

Li L, Li Q, Bao Y, Li J, Chen Z, Yu X, Zhao Y, Tian K, Li N (2014) RNAi-based inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in transgenic pigs. Journal of Biotechnology 171, 17–24.
RNAi-based inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in transgenic pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1Grsr4%3D&md5=dd19a2dff72d341460df202901278aabCAS | 24333125PubMed |

Long CR, Tessanne KJ, Golding MC (2010) Applications of RNA interference-based gene silencing in animal agriculture. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, 47–58.
Applications of RNA interference-based gene silencing in animal agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXitlagurk%3D&md5=784aead5a861087b38b7016bf64944d8CAS |

Love KT, Mahon KP, Levins CG, Whitehead KA, Querbes W, Dorkin JR, Qin J, Cantley W, Qin LL, Racie T, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Yip KN, Alvarez R, Sah DWY, de Fougerolles A, Fitzgerald K, Koteliansky V, Akinc A, Langer R, Anderson DG (2010) Lipid-like materials for low-dose, in vivo gene silencing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 1864–1869.
Lipid-like materials for low-dose, in vivo gene silencing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhvFSnsr0%3D&md5=f3cdf68fb24cd15ecab2157bb9f548c8CAS | 20080679PubMed |

Ma H, Wu Y, Dang Y, Choi JG, Zhang J, Wu H (2014) Pol III promoters to express small RNAs: delineation of transcription initiation. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids 3, e161
Pol III promoters to express small RNAs: delineation of transcription initiation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFagurzP&md5=bb77bb4a93ca06f7c4d34406f84af9f7CAS | 24803291PubMed |

Macdonald J, Taylor L, Sherman A, Kawakami K, Takahashi Y, Sang HM, McGrew MJ (2012) Efficient genetic modification and germ-line transmission of primordial germ cells using piggyBac and Tol2 transposons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, E1466–E1472.
Efficient genetic modification and germ-line transmission of primordial germ cells using piggyBac and Tol2 transposons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XovF2ns7c%3D&md5=c8c1a17c0a8fd977207ce1f403f5e716CAS | 22586100PubMed |

Maksimenko OG, Deykin AV, Khodarovich YM, Georgiev PG (2013) Use of transgenic animals in biotechnology: prospects and problems. Acta Naturae 5, 33–46.

Mali P, Aach J, Stranges PB, Esvelt KM, Moosburner M, Kosuri S, Yang L, Church GM (2013) CAS9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering. Nature Biotechnology 31, 833–838.
CAS9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1SjsL7I&md5=fd8b5256d858225c59c471a4417761b0CAS | 23907171PubMed |

Matveeva O (2013) What parameters to consider and which software tools to use for target selection and molecular design of small interfering RNAs. In ‘siRNA design’. (Ed. DJ Taxman) pp. 1–16. (Humana Press: New York, NY)

Mavrogianni VS, Brozos C (2008) Reflections on the causes and the diagnosis of peri-parturient losses of ewes. Small Ruminant Research 76, 77–82.
Reflections on the causes and the diagnosis of peri-parturient losses of ewes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meliopoulos VA, Andersen LE, Birrer KF, Simpson KJ, Lowenthal JW, Bean AG, Stambas J, Stewart CR, Tompkins SM, van Beusechem VW, Fraser I, Mhlanga M, Barichievy S, Smith Q, Leake D, Karpilow J, Buck A, Jona G, Tripp RA (2012) Host gene targets for novel influenza therapies elucidated by high-throughput RNA interference screens. The FASEB Journal 26, 1372–1386.
Host gene targets for novel influenza therapies elucidated by high-throughput RNA interference screens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlsVChsLo%3D&md5=5d761c8f8c83d32ad590c8f3b70ce22eCAS | 22247330PubMed |

Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ (2004) Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 168, 118–133.
Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2czpvFWntQ%3D%3D&md5=838374ba13f57b04411b8e4349087b70CAS |

Miretti S, Martignani E, Accornero P, Baratta M (2013) Functional effect of mir-27b on myostatin expression: a relationship in Piedmontese cattle with double-muscled phenotype. BMC Genomics 14, 194
Functional effect of mir-27b on myostatin expression: a relationship in Piedmontese cattle with double-muscled phenotype.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXot1yit7Y%3D&md5=69fa4f7e23982e82dd97e85916fdd720CAS | 23510267PubMed |

Morcos P, Li Y, Jiang S (2008) Vivo-Morpholinos: a non-peptide transporter delivers Morpholinos into a wide array of mouse tissues. BioTechniques 45, 613–623.
Vivo-Morpholinos: a non-peptide transporter delivers Morpholinos into a wide array of mouse tissues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFahsr7I&md5=7af26646b65b449227039dc0bb059cb4CAS | 19238792PubMed |

Moreira PN, Pozueta J, Pérez-Crespo M, Valdivieso F, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Montoliu L (2007) Improving the generation of genomic-type transgenic mice by ICSI. Transgenic Research 16, 163–168.
Improving the generation of genomic-type transgenic mice by ICSI.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjt1Sqt7Y%3D&md5=5a61c520011aa6bd381725e0cb7e8afdCAS | 17372844PubMed |

Nagano M, Brinster CJ, Orwig KE, Ryu BY, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL (2001) Transgenic mice produced by retroviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 13090–13095.
Transgenic mice produced by retroviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosFygsLs%3D&md5=305f956af003cace99170cca6bfbbb38CAS | 11606778PubMed |

Nagaraju J (2002) Application of genetic principles for improving silk production. Current Science 83, 409–414.

Nair V (2005) Evolution of Marek’s disease – A paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 170, 175–183.
Evolution of Marek’s disease – A paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslymurw%3D&md5=d6e4ad7c47efc5d55353a9c27ae4ba22CAS |

Ni W, Qiao J, Hu S, Zhao X, Regouski M, Yang M, Polejaeva IA, Chen C (2014) Efficient gene knockout in goats using CRISPR/Cas9 system. PLoS One 9, e106718
Efficient gene knockout in goats using CRISPR/Cas9 system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25188313PubMed |

Obbard DJ, Gordon KHJ, Buck AH, Jiggins FM (2009) The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364, 99–115.
The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjtVOqsbs%3D&md5=094fb4bad809018405582a2f3f5756ebCAS | 18926973PubMed |

Paddison PJ, Caudy AA, Bernstein E, Hannon GJ, Conklin DS (2002) Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells. Genes & Development 16, 948–958.
Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjt1Gktbs%3D&md5=d62f0eda2af93bff3d3a6d3882b275e7CAS |

Pal U, Li X, Wang T, Montgomery RR, Ramamoorthi N, deSilva AM, Bao F, Yang X, Pypaert M, Pradhan D, Kantor FS, Telford S, Anderson JF, Fikrig E (2004) TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119, 457–468.
TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVCjt7fN&md5=aab5f71b1baee43d8110a94c205f5c30CAS | 15537536PubMed |

Patel AK, Shah RK, Patel UA, Tripathi AK, Joshi CG (2014) Goat activin receptor type IIB knockdown by muscle specific promoter driven artificial microRNAs. Journal of Biotechnology 187, 87–97.
Goat activin receptor type IIB knockdown by muscle specific promoter driven artificial microRNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtleju7bN&md5=8995a20c61c2c030a185b517fea42ba8CAS | 25107506PubMed |

Peer D, Park EJ, Morishita Y, Carman CV, Shimaoka M (2008) Systemic leukocyte-directed siRNA delivery revealing cyclin D1 as an anti-inflammatory target. Science 319, 627–630.
Systemic leukocyte-directed siRNA delivery revealing cyclin D1 as an anti-inflammatory target.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Knt7g%3D&md5=a4d974c72d26cf427c92e5aa85d62645CAS | 18239128PubMed |

Perry AC, Rothman A, Jose I, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P, Cooke HJ, Wakayama T (2001) Efficient metaphase II transgenesis with different transgene archetypes. Nature Biotechnology 19, 1071–1073.
Efficient metaphase II transgenesis with different transgene archetypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot1eqt7Y%3D&md5=57d5fbd65b3ce0c58a47caa975bac57fCAS | 11689854PubMed |

Perry BD, Grace D, Sones K (2013) Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 20871–20877.
Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXnsFyktQ%3D%3D&md5=88a53b5f063a9817d33d2d15560ff59cCAS | 21576468PubMed |

Persengiev SP, Zhu X, Green MR (2004) Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). RNA (New York, N.Y.) 10, 12–18.
Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhsFWguw%3D%3D&md5=e3015578141e0f57f31e49d90010c227CAS |

Petrick JS, Brower-Toland B, Jackson AL, Kier LD (2013) Safety assessment of food and feed from biotechnology-derived crops employing RNA-mediated gene regulation to achieve desired traits: A scientific review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 66, 167–176.
Safety assessment of food and feed from biotechnology-derived crops employing RNA-mediated gene regulation to achieve desired traits: A scientific review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXosFOntro%3D&md5=90ff7a47853b73966c77086b3a90828eCAS | 23557984PubMed |

Picardi E, D’Erchia AM, Gallo A, Montalvo A, Pesole G (2014) Uncovering RNA editing sites in long non-coding RNAs. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2, 64
Uncovering RNA editing sites in long non-coding RNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25538940PubMed |

Pluske JR, Hampson DJ, Williams IH (1997) Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review. Livestock Production Science 51, 215–236.
Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Porntrakulpipat S, Supankong S, Chatchawanchonteera A, Pakdee P (2010) RNA interference targeting nucleocapsid protein (C) inhibits classical swine fever virus replication in SK-6 cells. Veterinary Microbiology 142, 41–44.
RNA interference targeting nucleocapsid protein (C) inhibits classical swine fever virus replication in SK-6 cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjs1aks7k%3D&md5=2d5724e73b5e0c0d045eeab85b7d33f8CAS | 19850420PubMed |

Proudfoot C, Carlson DF, Huddart R, Long CR, Pryor JH, King TJ, Lillico SG, Mileham AJ, McLaren DG, Whitelaw CB, Fahrenkrug SC (2015) Genome edited sheep and cattle. Transgenic Research 24, 147–153.
Genome edited sheep and cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFSgsLrF&md5=e8ec0a8f61aa0fb4c04b8ba5ff6009a6CAS | 25204701PubMed |

Renaudeau D, Collin A, Yahav S, de Basilio V, Gourdine JL, Collier RJ (2012) Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production. Animal 6, 707–728.
Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38ngsFejtw%3D%3D&md5=2c39d852eef38b35bbb7ec689db67582CAS | 22558920PubMed |

Rettig GR, Behlke MA (2012) Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II. Molecular Therapy 20, 483–512.
Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Gjs7nP&md5=0090c1d625ccc63220b90c1f5c0f977cCAS | 22186795PubMed |

Reynolds LP, Borowicz PP, Caton JS, Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Hammer CJ, Maddock Carlin KR, Grazul-Bilska AT, Redmer DA (2010) Developmental programming: the concept, large animal models, and the key role of uteroplacental vascular development. Journal of Animal Science 88, E61–E72.
Developmental programming: the concept, large animal models, and the key role of uteroplacental vascular development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c3psl2ksw%3D%3D&md5=5594e3f1d85499c0e5a18c2427bfffa8CAS | 20023136PubMed |

Rivera S, Yuan F (2012) Critical issues in delivery of RNAi therapeutics in vivo. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13, 1279–1291.
Critical issues in delivery of RNAi therapeutics in vivo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1CgsrfL&md5=276eea512f7d4871ef0e0c5d88e027a2CAS | 22201583PubMed |

Robalino J, Bartlett T, Shepard E, Prior S, Jaramillo G, Scura E, Chapman RW, Gross PS, Browdy CL, Warr GW (2005) Double-stranded RNA induces sequence-specific antiviral silencing in addition to nonspecific immunity in a marine shrimp: convergence of RNA interference and innate immunity in the invertebrate antiviral response? Journal of Virology 79, 13561–13571.
Double-stranded RNA induces sequence-specific antiviral silencing in addition to nonspecific immunity in a marine shrimp: convergence of RNA interference and innate immunity in the invertebrate antiviral response?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKjtr%2FN&md5=d45f1d8f8a2c55088d7b3699bfe21159CAS | 16227276PubMed |

Saksmerprome V, Charoonnart P, Gangnonngiw W, Withyachumnarnkul B (2009) A novel and inexpensive application of RNAi technology to protect shrimp from viral disease. Journal of Virological Methods 162, 213–217.
A novel and inexpensive application of RNAi technology to protect shrimp from viral disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1Ggur7P&md5=dbaecb1e1f5f456e20d1f6cd3ece4609CAS | 19712700PubMed |

Sander JD, Joung JK (2014) CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes. Nature Biotechnology 32, 347–355.
CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjtlyrsLo%3D&md5=00cec15000003566e100f46d9beb8a90CAS | 24584096PubMed |

Saxena S, Jónsson ZO, Dutta A (2003) Small RNAs with imperfect match to endogenous mRNA repress translation: implications for off-target activity of small inhibitory RNA in mammalian cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 44312–44319.
Small RNAs with imperfect match to endogenous mRNA repress translation: implications for off-target activity of small inhibitory RNA in mammalian cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXoslWmtLY%3D&md5=7a971018f678ef2e1968a055cb074ecbCAS | 12952966PubMed |

Scacheri PC, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Caplen NJ, Wolfsberg TG, Umayam L, Lee JC, Hughes CM, Shanmugam KS, Bhattacharjee A, Meyerson M, Collins FS (2004) Short interfering RNAs can induce unexpected and divergent changes in the levels of untargeted proteins in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 1892–1897.
Short interfering RNAs can induce unexpected and divergent changes in the levels of untargeted proteins in mammalian cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhs1Sktbw%3D&md5=9176c9dc4bff2521b28a8d1714448e71CAS | 14769924PubMed |

Schwulst SJ, Muenzer JT, Peck-Palmer OM, Chang KC, Davis CG, McDonough JS, Osborne DF, Walton AH, Unsinger J, McDunn JE, Hotchkiss RS (2008) BIM siRNA decreases lymphocyte apoptosis and improves survival in sepsis. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 30, 127–134.

Shi B, Keough E, Matter A, Leander K, Young S, Carlini E, Sachs AB, Tao W, Abrams M, Howell B, Sepp-Lorenzino L (2011) Biodistribution of small interfering RNA at the organ and cellular levels after lipid nanoparticle-mediated delivery. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 59, 727–740.
Biodistribution of small interfering RNA at the organ and cellular levels after lipid nanoparticle-mediated delivery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVyhsro%3D&md5=4b2f43dddd133fc72fab105d1c7a79e1CAS | 21804077PubMed |

Singh A, Nie H, Ghosn B, Qin H, Kwak LW, Roy K (2008) Efficient modulation of T-cell response by dual-mode, single-carrier delivery of cytokine-targeted siRNA and DNA vaccine to antigen-presenting cells. Molecular Therapy 16, 2011–2021.
Efficient modulation of T-cell response by dual-mode, single-carrier delivery of cytokine-targeted siRNA and DNA vaccine to antigen-presenting cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVSjsbvL&md5=0b4d4c6312224431b6039526c0725be7CAS | 18813280PubMed |

Sledz C, Holko M, de Veer M, Silverman R, Williams B (2003) Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nature Cell Biology 5, 834–839.
Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvVWlur4%3D&md5=4d36ab7d11423ba9a97073d437b2bf69CAS | 12942087PubMed |

Smith CA, Roeszler KN, Ohnesorg T, Cummins DM, Farlie PG, Doran TJ, Sinclair AH (2009) The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken. Nature 461, 267–271.
The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVGiurvN&md5=264aba0c24074dbb6c6404b2fefbbb1fCAS | 19710650PubMed |

Smithies O, Gregg RG, Boggs SS, Koralewski MA, Kucherlapati RS (1985) Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nature 317, 230–234.
Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXmtVyjtr8%3D&md5=16b6834fdd2be1bda9645f130e64b0d4CAS | 2995814PubMed |

Song X, Evel-Kabler K, Rollins L, Aldrich M, Gao F, Huang XF, Chen S (2006) An alternative and effective HIV vaccination approach based on inhibition of antigen presentation attenuators in dendritic cells. PLoS Medicine 3, e11
An alternative and effective HIV vaccination approach based on inhibition of antigen presentation attenuators in dendritic cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16381597PubMed |

Stewart CR, Karpala AJ, Lowther S, Lowenthal JW, Bean AG (2011) Immunostimulatory motifs enhance antiviral siRNAs targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. PLoS One 6, e21552
Immunostimulatory motifs enhance antiviral siRNAs targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFyntLc%3D&md5=89a03ac36511584b58b6d94e324a1b3eCAS | 21747939PubMed |

Stoppani E, Bassi I, Dotti S, Lizier M, Ferrari M, Lucchini F (2015) Expression of a single siRNA against a conserved region of NP gene strongly inhibits in vitro replication of different Influenza A virus strains of avian and swine origin. Antiviral Research 120, 16–22.
Expression of a single siRNA against a conserved region of NP gene strongly inhibits in vitro replication of different Influenza A virus strains of avian and swine origin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXos1elt78%3D&md5=7efae7b30eb24504f2f6f1aeaa32fd86CAS | 25986248PubMed |

Sukumaran B, Narasimhan S, Anderson JF, DePonte K, Marcantonio N, Krishnan MN, Fish D, Telford SR, Kantor FS, Fikrig E (2006) An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, 1507–1517.
An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtVantro%3D&md5=bb23ab10e453618c8df21b542bdf95baCAS | 16717118PubMed |

ter Brake O, Konstantinova P, Ceylan M, Berkhout B (2006) Silencing of HIV-1 with RNA interference: a multiple shRNA approach. Molecular Therapy 14, 883–892.
Silencing of HIV-1 with RNA interference: a multiple shRNA approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Cis7zJ&md5=61b1d2e71f1ea27e8640e066bc034abcCAS | 16959541PubMed |

Tessanne K, Golding MC, Long CR, Peoples MD, Hannon G, Westhusin ME (2012) Production of transgenic calves expressing an shRNA targeting myostatin. Molecular Reproduction and Development 79, 176–185.
Production of transgenic calves expressing an shRNA targeting myostatin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFGku7jM&md5=77cf29adc1291a38b8577af205419c9bCAS | 22139943PubMed |

Tesz GJ, Aouadi M, Prot M, Nicoloro SM, Boutet E, Amano SU, Goller A, Wang M, Guo CA, Salomon WE, Virbasius JV, Baum RA, O’Connor MJ, Soto E, Ostroff GR, Czech MP (2011) Glucan particles for selective delivery of siRNA to phagocytic cells in mice. The Biochemical Journal 436, 351–362.
Glucan particles for selective delivery of siRNA to phagocytic cells in mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtFGitrg%3D&md5=67be9d08386ad37ded520cf449b35489CAS | 21418037PubMed |

Tompkins SM, Lo C-Y, Tumpey TM, Epstein SL (2004) Protection against lethal influenza virus challenge by RNA interference in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 8682–8686.
Protection against lethal influenza virus challenge by RNA interference in vivo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFKksLk%3D&md5=67c02001c6fa12ece587c21a4ae40c7dCAS | 15173583PubMed |

Trask RV, Billadello JJ (1990) Tissue-specific distribution and developmental regulation of M and B creatine kinase mRNAs. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1049, 182–188.
Tissue-specific distribution and developmental regulation of M and B creatine kinase mRNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkslGnu7Y%3D&md5=83c8c0d12801db2c16f5a81a377b3554CAS | 2364108PubMed |

USDA (2007) NAHMS Dairy 2007 Part I: reference of dairy cattle health and management practices in the United States, 2007. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

Vergara CF, Döpfer D, Cook NB, Nordlund KV, McArt JAA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR (2014) Risk factors for postpartum problems in dairy cows: explanatory and predictive modeling. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 4127–4140.
Risk factors for postpartum problems in dairy cows: explanatory and predictive modeling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXnsVWrsrY%3D&md5=9cf41187619a4a1e50282830ac273c2eCAS | 24792805PubMed |

Waltz E (2015) Nonbrowning GM apple cleared for market [Online]. In Trade Secrets blog. Available at http://blogs.nature.com/tradesecrets/2015/03/30/nonbrowning-gm-apple-cleared-for-market [Verified 3 August 2015]

Wang B, Li J, Fu FH, Chen C, Zhu X, Zhou L, Jiang X, Xiao X (2008) Construction and analysis of compact muscle-specific promoters for AAV vectors. Gene Therapy 15, 1489–1499.
Construction and analysis of compact muscle-specific promoters for AAV vectors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlais7rJ&md5=874452dd03a865985e7964fecc33768cCAS | 18563184PubMed |

Wang Y, Sun H, Shen P, Zhang X, Xia X, Xia B (2010) Effective inhibition of replication of infectious bursal disease virus by miRNAs delivered by vectors and targeting the VP2 gene. Journal of Virological Methods 165, 127–132.
Effective inhibition of replication of infectious bursal disease virus by miRNAs delivered by vectors and targeting the VP2 gene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVaqur4%3D&md5=0b6d3db4b9339b8a541b6fad8f0a89ddCAS | 19189848PubMed |

Wapinski O, Chang HY (2011) Long noncoding RNAs and human disease. Trends in Cell Biology 21, 354–361.
Long noncoding RNAs and human disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXntlGltLw%3D&md5=ee3bf2ee448b6eadda569c9ba655221dCAS | 21550244PubMed |

Webster AB (2004) Welfare implications of avian osteoporosis. Poultry Science 83, 184–192.
Welfare implications of avian osteoporosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FovFygsQ%3D%3D&md5=5c21a0eed3ebbf67a2758a390e3acd98CAS | 14979568PubMed |

Westerhout EM, Ooms M, Vink M, Das AT, Berkhout B (2005) HIV-1 can escape from RNA interference by evolving an alternative structure in its RNA genome. Nucleic Acids Research 33, 796–804.
HIV-1 can escape from RNA interference by evolving an alternative structure in its RNA genome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtV2qt7g%3D&md5=d91df2acb73af8645cde317a0a72924bCAS | 15687388PubMed |

Whyard S, Erdelyan CN, Partridge AL, Singh AD, Beebe NW, Capina R (2015) Silencing the buzz: a new approach to population suppression of mosquitoes by feeding larvae double-stranded RNAs. Parasites & Vectors 8, 96
Silencing the buzz: a new approach to population suppression of mosquitoes by feeding larvae double-stranded RNAs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wise TG, Schafer DS, Lowenthal JW, Doran TJ (2008) The use of RNAi and transgenics to develop viral disease resistant livestock. Developments in Biologicals 132, 377–382.
The use of RNAi and transgenics to develop viral disease resistant livestock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmt1Crug%3D%3D&md5=664dccbe394b1d8f983d898967f9fc9eCAS | 18817330PubMed |

Witter RL (1997) Increased virulence of Marek’s disease virus field isolates. Avian Diseases 41, 149–163.
Increased virulence of Marek’s disease virus field isolates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3kt1ehuw%3D%3D&md5=0f9a078fbba07f7f74c605c0b4222abfCAS | 9087332PubMed |

Won YW, Adhikary PP, Lim KS, Kim HJ, Kim JK, Kim YH (2014) Oligopeptide complex for targeted non-viral gene delivery to adipocytes. Nature Materials 13, 1157–1164.
Oligopeptide complex for targeted non-viral gene delivery to adipocytes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1yht7vJ&md5=851e5c68195978b4a73961cb220e0c11CAS | 25282508PubMed |

Wongsrikeao P, Sutou S, Kunishi M, Dong YJ, Bai X, Otoi T (2011) Combination of the somatic cell nuclear transfer method and RNAi technology for the production of a prion gene-knockdown calf using plasmid vectors harboring the U6 or tRNA promoter. Prion 5, 39–46.
Combination of the somatic cell nuclear transfer method and RNAi technology for the production of a prion gene-knockdown calf using plasmid vectors harboring the U6 or tRNA promoter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXivFWhurg%3D&md5=a4febcc569dc91a31f2e41a614094421CAS | 21084838PubMed |

Xu J, Han F, Zhang X (2007) Silencing shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genes by siRNA. Antiviral Research 73, 126–131.
Silencing shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genes by siRNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVCitb4%3D&md5=46c5c65663f45f6f24458154dd34f061CAS | 17011052PubMed |

Xu Y-F, Shen H-Y, Zhao M-Q, Chen L-J, Li Y-G, Liao M, Jia J-T, Lv Y-R, Yi L, Chen J-D (2012) Adenovirus-vectored shRNAs targeted to the highly conserved regions of VP1 and 2B in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Virological Methods 181, 51–58.
Adenovirus-vectored shRNAs targeted to the highly conserved regions of VP1 and 2B in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtF2htLg%3D&md5=e8f0638ab6a16dcfa2971d8325f631d1CAS | 22327142PubMed |

Xu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Ling L, Zeng B, James AA, Tan A, Huang Y (2014) Transcription activator‐like effector nuclease (TALEN)‐mediated female‐specific sterility in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Molecular Biology 23, 800–807.
Transcription activator‐like effector nuclease (TALEN)‐mediated female‐specific sterility in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVGjtbrI&md5=2717113b4159f0345c0903e1f268b4e9CAS | 25125145PubMed |

Yang S, Chen Y, Ahmadie R, Ho EA (2013) Advancements in the field of intravaginal siRNA delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 167, 29–39.
Advancements in the field of intravaginal siRNA delivery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktlSjsrY%3D&md5=f65c484ecc54c89a0e089b4a8831340eCAS | 23298612PubMed |

Ye J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang Q, Zhu D (2007) FBXO40, a gene encoding a novel muscle-specific F-box protein, is upregulated in denervation-related muscle atrophy. Gene 404, 53–60.
FBXO40, a gene encoding a novel muscle-specific F-box protein, is upregulated in denervation-related muscle atrophy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFyku7nL&md5=23ced1f718c560431af82df41cd3b577CAS | 17928169PubMed |