Recent developments in mammalian biotechnologies that have been driven largely by medical bioscience, offer new opportunities for livestock industries. Major impacts may be expected in the area of reproductive, genomic and cell technologies that could lead to improved animal breeding strategies or animal production and health applications. In particular, the use of advanced reproductive technologies to select animals at very early stages of life, possibly as early as a 4-day embryo, combined with genomic technologies to predict genetic merit, could lead to significantly increased rates of genetic gain. Such advanced animal breeding technologies will depend strongly on conventional quantitative genetic evaluation systems. Genetic modification in the near future will offer targeted animal improvement options for control of health and production. Long-term impact of genetic modification on animal production systems will depend on consumer acceptance, and its perception by social, environmental and animal welfare groups. However, the opportunity to develop animal products beyond conventional boundaries may prove too attractive with genetic modification eventually being accepted as the norm. The naturally synergistic effect of ex vivo transgenic modification of embryo stem cell or somatic cell lines, combined with nuclear transfer present potentially high value propositions for development of novel and high value products. Opportunities for the mass production of elite males for use in extensive animal production systems will be possible.