Register      Login
Emu Emu Society
Journal of BirdLife Australia
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Seasonal male plumage as a multi-component sexual signal: insights and opportunities

Anne Peters A C , Sjouke A. Kingma B and Kaspar Delhey A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia.

B School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

C Corresponding author. Email: anne.peters@monash.edu

Emu 113(3) 232-247 https://doi.org/10.1071/MU12083
Submitted: 20 September 2012  Accepted: 10 January 2013   Published: 15 August 2013

Abstract

Seasonal breeding plumage of male fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) shows significant inter- and intra-specific variation in several potential signalling components that we systematically review here. There is extensive colour variation in the genus, possibly related to variation in visual sensitivity. In many species, males can delay development of their first complete breeding plumage for one or more years, although males in more complete breeding plumage appear to be reproductively more successful. An additional sexual signal, and an evolutionary innovation, is the timing of the pre-breeding moult. A mechanism regulating this moult is testosterone, which can stimulate initiation of moult and development of male breeding colouration and is presumably required for maintenance of the breeding plumage. Males undertake pre-breeding moult earlier as they age, and early pre-breeding moult appears selected by female choice for extra-pair mates. Few studies have addressed variation in colour quality or the role of plumage in aggressive interactions. Condition-dependence of moult or breeding plumage has not been experimentally investigated. We argue that the genus is particularly suited to comparative analyses, as it provides informative contrasts in colour, plumage development, patterns of moult, colour vision and mating system, offering many exciting opportunities for testing evolutionary theories on function and maintenance of sexual signals.

Additional keywords: delayed plumage maturation, endurance display, extra-pair paternity, moult, multiple signals, nuptial plumage, pre-nuptial moult, plumage colour, sexual selection, testosterone.


References

Ambrose, S. J., and Murphy, D. P. (1994). Synchronous breeding of land birds on Barrow Island, Western Australia, after cyclonic summer rains. Emu 94, 55–58.
Synchronous breeding of land birds on Barrow Island, Western Australia, after cyclonic summer rains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Aumann, T. (1991). Notes on the birds of the upper and middle reaches of Kimberley rivers during the dry season, 1989. Australian Bird Watcher 14, 51–67.

Barnard, P. (1995). Timing of ornament growth, phenotypic variation, and size dimorphism in two promiscuous African whydahs (Ploceidae : Vidua). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 55, 129–141.

Boekel, C. (1979). Notes on the status and behaviour of the Purple-crowned Fairy-wrens Malurus coronatus in the Victoria River Downs area, Northern Territory. Australian Bird Watcher 8, 91–97.

Boss-Walker, H. B. (1929). Notes on moulting of the blue wren. Emu 29, 310–311.
Notes on moulting of the blue wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bradley, J. B. (1967). Unusual plumage of Superb Blue Wrens. Australian Bird Bander 5, 54.

Bradley, E., and Bradley, J. (1958). Notes on the behaviour and plumage of colour-ringed blue wrens. Emu 58, 313–326.
Notes on the behaviour and plumage of colour-ringed blue wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2010). Dynamics of multiple signalling systems: animal communication in a world in flux. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25, 292–300.
Dynamics of multiple signalling systems: animal communication in a world in flux.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brooker, M. G., and Brooker, L. C. (1997). Dispersal of the Blue-breasted Fairy-wren in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 3, 295–300.

Brooker, M. G., and Brooker, L. C. (2001). Breeding biology, reproductive success and survival of Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens in fragmented habitat in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Wildlife Research 28, 205–214.
Breeding biology, reproductive success and survival of Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens in fragmented habitat in the Western Australian wheatbelt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brooker, M. G., and Rowley, I. (1991). Impact of wildfire on the nesting behaviour of birds in heathland. Wildlife Research 18, 249–263.
Impact of wildfire on the nesting behaviour of birds in heathland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brooker, M. G., Rowley, I., Adams, M., and Baverstock, P. R. (1990). Promiscuity: an inbreeding avoidance mechanism in a socially monogamous species? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26, 191–199.

Brouwer, L., van de Pol, M., Atema, E., and Cockburn, A. (2011). Strategic promiscuity helps avoid inbreeding at multiple levels in a cooperative breeder where both sexes are philopatric. Molecular Ecology 20, 4796–4807.
Strategic promiscuity helps avoid inbreeding at multiple levels in a cooperative breeder where both sexes are philopatric.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22008256PubMed |

Campbell, A. J. (1901). ‘Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds Including the Geographical Distribution of the Species and Popular Observations Thereon.’ (Pawson & Brailsford: Sheffield, UK.)

Campbell, A. J. (1905). The moult of the blue wren (Malurus). Emu 5, 152–155.
The moult of the blue wren (Malurus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carnaby, I. C. (1954). Nesting seasons of Western Australian birds. Western Australian Naturalist 4, 149–156.

Carruthers, R. K. (1967). Eclipse plumage of the Purple-crowned Wren. Australian Bird Bander 5, 79.

Chan, K., and Augusteyn, J. D. (2003). Relationship between bird unit size and territory quality in three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) with overlapping territories. Ecological Research 18, 73–80.
Relationship between bird unit size and territory quality in three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) with overlapping territories.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chandler, L. G. (1913). Bird-life of Kow Plains (Victoria). Emu 13, 33–45.
Bird-life of Kow Plains (Victoria).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cockburn, A., and Double, M. C. (2008). Cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens show no facultative manipulation of offspring sex ratio despite plausible benefits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, 681–688.
Cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens show no facultative manipulation of offspring sex ratio despite plausible benefits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cockburn, A., Osmond, H. L., Mulder, R. A., Green, D. J., and Double, M. C. (2003). Divorce, dispersal and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 189–202.
Divorce, dispersal and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cockburn, A., Osmond, H. L., and Double, M. C. (2008a). Swingin’ in the rain: condition dependence and sexual selection in a capricious world. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 275, 605–612.
Swingin’ in the rain: condition dependence and sexual selection in a capricious world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cockburn, A., Sims, R. A., Osmond, H. L., Green, D. J., Double, M. C., and Mulder, R. A. (2008b). Can we measure the benefits of help in cooperatively breeding birds: the case of Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus? Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 430–438.
Can we measure the benefits of help in cooperatively breeding birds: the case of Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18312341PubMed |

Cockburn, A., Osmond, H. L., Mulder, R. A., Double, M. C., and Green, D. J. (2008c). Demography of male reproductive queues in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus. Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 297–304.
Demography of male reproductive queues in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18070042PubMed |

Cockburn, A., Dalziell, A. H., Blackmore, C. J., Double, M. C., Kokko, H., Osmond, H. L., Beck, N. R., Head, M. L., and Wells, K. (2009). Superb Fairy-wren males aggregate into hidden leks to solicit extragroup fertilizations before dawn. Behavioral Ecology 20, 501–510.
Superb Fairy-wren males aggregate into hidden leks to solicit extragroup fertilizations before dawn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Coles, C. (1919). Wren-warblers in captivity. Emu 19, 244–245.
Wren-warblers in captivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Colombelli-Négrel, D., and Kleindorfer, S. (2010). Video nest monitoring reveals male coloration-dependant nest predation and sex differences in prey size delivery in a bird under high sexual selection. Journal of Ornithology 151, 507–512.
Video nest monitoring reveals male coloration-dependant nest predation and sex differences in prey size delivery in a bird under high sexual selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Colombelli-Négrel, D., Schlotfeldt, B. E., and Kleindorfer, S. (2009). High levels of extra-pair paternity in Superb Fairy-wrens in South Australia despite low frequency of auxiliary males. Emu 109, 300–304.
High levels of extra-pair paternity in Superb Fairy-wrens in South Australia despite low frequency of auxiliary males.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cotton, S., Fowler, K., and Pomiankowski, A. (2004). Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 271, 771–783.
Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cox, J. B. (1974). Some birds of north-eastern Eyre Peninsula, SA. South Australian Ornithologist 26, 142–144.

Cuthill, I. (2006). Color perception. In ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 1: Mechanisms and Measurements’. (Eds G. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw.) pp. 3–40. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Delhey, K., and Peters, A. (2008). Quantifying variability of avian colours: are signalling traits more variable? PLoS One 3, e1689.
Quantifying variability of avian colours: are signalling traits more variable?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18301766PubMed |

Delhey, K., Kingma, S. A., Hall, M. L., and Peters, A. (2013). Increased conspicuousness can explain the match between visual sensitivities and blue plumage colours in fairy-wrens. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 280, 20121771.
Increased conspicuousness can explain the match between visual sensitivities and blue plumage colours in fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Double, M. C., and Cockburn, A. (2000). Pre-dawn infidelity: females control extra-pair mating in Superb Fairy-wrens. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 267, 465–470.
Pre-dawn infidelity: females control extra-pair mating in Superb Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7pvFKltg%3D%3D&md5=0bc503f74c490c24fa09c0b7d18df81bCAS |

Double, M. C., and Cockburn, A. (2003). Superb Fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) parasitize the reproductive success of attractive dominant males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 270, 379–384.
Superb Fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) parasitize the reproductive success of attractive dominant males.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doucet, S. M., Shawkey, M. D., Rathburn, M., Mays, H. L., and Montgomerie, R. (2004). Concordant evolution of plumage colour, feather microstructure and a melanocortin receptor gene between mainland and island populations of a fairy-wren. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 271, 1663–1670.
Concordant evolution of plumage colour, feather microstructure and a melanocortin receptor gene between mainland and island populations of a fairy-wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvgtlSktg%3D%3D&md5=1d0e0e352d7e4b652ca0578fa98a4a1cCAS |

Dove, H. S. (1922). The moult of the blue wren. Emu 22, 323–324.
The moult of the blue wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dove, H. S. (1926). Blue wren’s moult. Emu 26, 258.

Dove, H. S. (1932). Blue wren’s moult. Emu 32, 119.
Blue wren’s moult.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Driskell, A., Prum, R., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2010). The evolution of black plumage from blue in Australian fairy-wrens (Maluridae): genetic and structural evidence. Journal of Avian Biology 41, 505–514.
The evolution of black plumage from blue in Australian fairy-wrens (Maluridae): genetic and structural evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Driskell, A., Norman, J., Pruett-Jones, S., Mangall, E., Sonsthagen, S. A., and Christidis, L. (2011). A multigene phylogeny examining evolutionary and ecological relationships in the Australo-Papuan wrens of the subfamily Malurinae (Aves). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60, 480–485.
A multigene phylogeny examining evolutionary and ecological relationships in the Australo-Papuan wrens of the subfamily Malurinae (Aves).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21466855PubMed |

Dunn, P. O., and Cockburn, A. (1996). Evolution of male parental care in a bird with almost complete cuckoldry. Evolution 50, 2542–2548.
Evolution of male parental care in a bird with almost complete cuckoldry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dunn, P. O., and Cockburn, A. (1999). Extrapair mate choice and honest signaling in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens. Evolution 53, 938–946.
Extrapair mate choice and honest signaling in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dunn, P., Whittingham, L., and Pitcher, T. (2001). Mating systems, sperm competition, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution 55, 161–175.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7mt1Gmsw%3D%3D&md5=3ebd59e09340d7d44da1302b42c0ca5fCAS | 11263736PubMed |

Eising, C. M., Muller, W., and Groothuis, T. G. G. (2006). Avian mothers create different phenotypes by hormone deposition in their eggs. Biology Letters 2, 20–22.
Avian mothers create different phenotypes by hormone deposition in their eggs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17148315PubMed |

Endler, J. A., and Basolo, A. L. (1998). Sensory ecology, receiver biases and sexual selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 415–420.
Sensory ecology, receiver biases and sexual selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itF2qtg%3D%3D&md5=c4bf20496f11033d5f2c5b366df0dc93CAS |

Favaloro, N. (1940). Notes on the Blue-and-white Wren. Emu 40, 260–265.
Notes on the Blue-and-white Wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Folstad, I., and Karter, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139, 603–622.
Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Frentiu, F., and Briscoe, A. (2008). A butterfly eye’s view of birds. BioEssays 30, 1151–1162.
A butterfly eye’s view of birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVyqtr7O&md5=7ec3f9711db280348d9121b83637d386CAS | 18937365PubMed |

Gill, H. B. (1970). Birds of Innisfail and hinterland. Emu 70, 105–116.
Birds of Innisfail and hinterland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Götmark, F. (1995). Black-and-white plumage in male Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) reduces the risk of predation from Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) during the breeding season. Behavioral Ecology 6, 22–26.
Black-and-white plumage in male Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) reduces the risk of predation from Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) during the breeding season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Götmark, F., and Hohlfalt, A. (1995). Bright male plumage and predation risk in passerine birds: are males easier to detect than females? Oikos 74, 475–484.
Bright male plumage and predation risk in passerine birds: are males easier to detect than females?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gould, J. (1865). ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia.’ (Author: London.)

Green, D. J., Osmond, H. L., Double, M. C., and Cockburn, A. (2000). Display rate by male fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) during the fertile period of females has little influence on extra-pair mate choice. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, 438–446.
Display rate by male fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) during the fertile period of females has little influence on extra-pair mate choice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Greig, E., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2008). Splendid songs: the vocal behaviour of Splendid Fairy-wrens (Malurus splendens melanotus). Emu 108, 103–114.
Splendid songs: the vocal behaviour of Splendid Fairy-wrens (Malurus splendens melanotus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hall, M. L., and Peters, A. (2009). Do male paternity guards ensure female fidelity in a duetting fairy-wren? Behavioral Ecology 20, 222–228.
Do male paternity guards ensure female fidelity in a duetting fairy-wren?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harrison, C. J. O. (1974). Maluridae. In ‘Birds of the Harold Hall Australian Expeditions, 1962–1970’. (Ed. B. P. Hall.) pp 199–214. (British Museum (Natural History): London.)

Harrison, C. J. O., and Colston, P. R. (1969). Some records of breeding after late rains in the Hamersley region. Western Australian Naturalist 11, 49–50.

Hau, M. (2007). Regulation of male traits by testosterone: implications for the evolution of vertebrate life histories. BioEssays 29, 133–144.
Regulation of male traits by testosterone: implications for the evolution of vertebrate life histories.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXitVCmsL0%3D&md5=18f0761a5fbc5e7452206dcc8c595044CAS | 17226801PubMed |

Hawkins, G. L., Hill, G. E., and Mercadante, A. (2012). Delayed plumage maturation and delayed reproductive investment in birds. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 87, 257–274.
Delayed plumage maturation and delayed reproductive investment in birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21790949PubMed |

Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M., and Steele, W. K. (Eds) (2001). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)

Hill, G. E. (2011). Condition-dependent traits as signals of the functionality of vital cellular processes. Ecology Letters 14, 625–634.
Condition-dependent traits as signals of the functionality of vital cellular processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21518211PubMed |

Hill, G. E., and McGraw, K. J. (Eds) (2006a). ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 1: Mechanisms and Measurements.’ (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Hill, G. E., and McGraw, K. J. (Eds) (2006b). ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 2: Function and Evolution.’ (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Hindwood, K. A. (1929). A possible instance of polyandry. Emu 29, 193–194.
A possible instance of polyandry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hindwood, K. A. (1947). The use of flower petals in courtship display. Emu 47, 389–391.
The use of flower petals in courtship display.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hobbs, J. N. (1961). The birds of south-west New South Wales. Emu 61, 21–55.
The birds of south-west New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Horton, W. (1975). The birds of Mt Isa. Sunbird 6, 49–69.

Howell, S. N. G., Corben, C., Pyle, P., and Rogers, D. I. (2003). The first basic problem: a review of molt and plumage homologies. Condor 105, 635–653.
The first basic problem: a review of molt and plumage homologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hughes, P., and Hughes, B. (1988). Notes on berry and petal display by Red-backed Wrens at Widgee, south-east Queensland. Sunbird 18, 52–53.

Huhta, E., Rytkönen, S., and Solonen, T. (2003). Plumage brightness of prey increases predation risk: an among-species comparison. Ecology 84, 1793–1799.
Plumage brightness of prey increases predation risk: an among-species comparison.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Irwin, R. E. (1994). The evolution of plumage dichromatism in the New World blackbirds: social selection on female brightness? American Naturalist 144, 890–907.
The evolution of plumage dichromatism in the New World blackbirds: social selection on female brightness?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jack, N. (1949). Wren with flower, and mimicry by whistler. Emu 49, 143–144.
Wren with flower, and mimicry by whistler.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Job, R. (1969). A bird list from the Dryandra Forest. Western Australian Naturalist 11, 90–97.

Johnstone, R. A., Rands, S. A., and Evans, M. R. (2009). Sexual selection and condition-dependence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, 2387–2394.
Sexual selection and condition-dependence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c%2Fhtl2rsQ%3D%3D&md5=ed57adc3a3460e78c57400f9965ca1b1CAS | 19874439PubMed |

Karubian, J. (2002). Costs and benefits of variable breeding plumage in the Red-backed Fairy-wren. Evolution 56, 1673–1682.
| 12353760PubMed |

Karubian, J. (2008). Changes in breeding status are associated with rapid bill darkening in male Red-backed Fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus. Journal of Avian Biology 39, 81–86.
Changes in breeding status are associated with rapid bill darkening in male Red-backed Fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Karubian, J., and Alvarado, A. (2003). Testing the function of petal-carrying in the Red-backed Fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). Emu 103, 87–92.
Testing the function of petal-carrying in the Red-backed Fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Karubian, J., Sillett, T. S., and Webster, M. S. (2008). The effects of delayed plumage maturation on aggression and survival in male Red-backed Fairy-wrens. Behavioral Ecology 19, 508–516.
The effects of delayed plumage maturation on aggression and survival in male Red-backed Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Karubian, J., Swaddle, J. P., Varian-Ramos, C. W., and Webster, M. S. (2009). The relative importance of male tail length and nuptial plumage on social dominance and mate choice in the Red-backed Fairy-wren Malurus melanocephalus: evidence for the multiple receiver hypothesis. Journal of Avian Biology 40, 559–568.
The relative importance of male tail length and nuptial plumage on social dominance and mate choice in the Red-backed Fairy-wren Malurus melanocephalus: evidence for the multiple receiver hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Karubian, J., Lindsay, W., and Schwabl, H. (2011). Bill coloration, a flexible signal in a tropical passerine bird, is regulated by social environment and androgens. Animal Behaviour 81, 795–800.
Bill coloration, a flexible signal in a tropical passerine bird, is regulated by social environment and androgens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kimball, R. T. (2006). Hormonal control of coloration. In ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 1: Mechanisms and Measurements’. (Eds G. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw.) pp. 431–468. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Kingma, S. A., Hall, M. L., Segelbacher, G., and Peters, A. (2009). Radical loss of an extreme extra-pair mating system. BMC Ecology 9, 15.
Radical loss of an extreme extra-pair mating system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19454026PubMed |

Kingma, S. A., Hall, M. L., Arriero, E., and Peters, A. (2010). Multiple benefits of cooperative breeding in Purple-crowned Fairy-wrens: a consequence of fidelity? Journal of Animal Ecology 79, 757–768.
| 20443991PubMed |

Lavery, H. J., Seton, D., and Bravery, J. A. (1968). Breeding seasons of birds in north eastern Australia. Emu 68, 133–147.
Breeding seasons of birds in north eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lee, J., Joseph, L., and Edwards, S. (2012). A species tree for the Australo-Papuan fairy-wrens and allies (Aves : Maluridae). Systematic Biology 61, 253–271.
A species tree for the Australo-Papuan fairy-wrens and allies (Aves : Maluridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xisl2rtrs%3D&md5=3cd893c139eec0786bace47be542f437CAS | 21978990PubMed |

Lindsay, W. R., Webster, M. S., Varian, C. W., and Schwabl, H. (2009). Plumage colour acquisition and behaviour are associated with androgens in a phenotypically plastic tropical bird. Animal Behaviour 77, 1525–1532.
Plumage colour acquisition and behaviour are associated with androgens in a phenotypically plastic tropical bird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lindsay, W. R., Webster, M. S., and Schwabl, H. (2011). Sexually selected male plumage color is testosterone dependent in a tropical passerine bird, the Red-backed Fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). PLoS ONE 6, e26067.
Sexually selected male plumage color is testosterone dependent in a tropical passerine bird, the Red-backed Fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlOit7zM&md5=831a0c08537e8ee1423690bfe9b9faaaCAS | 21998753PubMed |

MacGillivray, W. (1913). Notes on some north Queensland Birds. Emu 13, 132–186.
Notes on some north Queensland Birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

MacGillivray, W. (1917). Ornithologists in north Queensland. Emu 17, 180–212.
Ornithologists in north Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Marchant, S. (1981). The breeding birds of Moruya, New South Wales. Corella 5, 19–25.

Marchant, S. (1992). A bird observatory at Moruya, NSW – 1975–1984. Occasional Publication No. 1, Eurobodalla Natural History Society, Moruya, NSW.

Mathews, G. M. (1922). ‘The Birds of Australia. Vol. 10.’ (H.F. & G. Witherby: London.)

McGill, A. R. (1970). ‘Australian Warblers.’ (Bird Observers Club: Melbourne.)

McGilp, J. N. (1922). Birds of the Lake Frome district, South Australia. Emu 22, 237–243, 274–287.
Birds of the Lake Frome district, South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McGilp, J. N. (1924). The moult of the blue wren. Emu 24, 153–154.
The moult of the blue wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McGilp, J. N. (1925). Second broods of birds. Emu 25, 289–299.
Second broods of birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McGilp, J. N. (1934). Birds of the Musgrave Ranges. Emu 34, 163–176.
Birds of the Musgrave Ranges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McGraw, K. (2006). Mechanics of melanin-based coloration. In ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 1: Mechanisms and Measurements’. (Eds G. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw.) pp. 243–294. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA).

Morgan, A. M. (1914a). The birds of Kallioota. South Australian Ornithologist 1, 11–21.

Morgan, A. M. (1914b). Field notes on three species of Malurus (blue wrens). South Australian Ornithologist 1, 9–11.

Mulder, R. A. (1997). Extra-group courtship displays and other reproductive tactics of Superb Fairy-wrens. Australian Journal of Zoology 45, 131–143.
Extra-group courtship displays and other reproductive tactics of Superb Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mulder, R. A., and Magrath, M. J. L. (1994). Timing of pre-nuptial moult as a sexually selected indicator of male quality in Superb Fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus). Behavioral Ecology 5, 393–400.
Timing of pre-nuptial moult as a sexually selected indicator of male quality in Superb Fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mulder, R. A., Dunn, P. O., Cockburn, A., Lazenby-Cohen, K. A., and Howell, M. J. (1994). Helpers liberate female fairy-wrens from constraints on extra-pair mate choice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 255, 223–229.
Helpers liberate female fairy-wrens from constraints on extra-pair mate choice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nicholson, K. E., Harmon, L. J., and Losos, J. B. (2007). Evolution of Anolis lizard dewlap diversity. PLoS ONE 2, e274.
Evolution of Anolis lizard dewlap diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17342208PubMed |

North, A. J. (1904). ‘Nests and Eggs of Birds Found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania. Vol. 1, Part 4.’ (Australian Museum: Sydney.)

Ödeen, A., Pruett-Jones, S., Driskell, A. C., Armenta, J. K., and Håstad, O. (2012). Multiple shifts between violet and ultraviolet vision in a family of passerine birds with associated changes in plumage coloration. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 279, 1269–1276.
Multiple shifts between violet and ultraviolet vision in a family of passerine birds with associated changes in plumage coloration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Officer, H. R. (1974). Northern Kimberley birds. Australian Bird Watcher 5, 191–195.

Omland, K. E. (1996). Female Mallard mating preferences for multiple male ornaments. I. Natural variation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 39, 353–360.
Female Mallard mating preferences for multiple male ornaments. I. Natural variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Osorio, D., and Vorobyev, M. (2008). A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual communication signals. Vision Research 48, 2042–2051.
A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual communication signals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cngsVeitQ%3D%3D&md5=ffd9d50401d26567278ce16ebd48666bCAS | 18627773PubMed |

Owens, I. P. F., and Hartley, I. R. (1998). Sexual dimorphism in birds: why are there so many different forms of dimorphism? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 265, 397–407.
Sexual dimorphism in birds: why are there so many different forms of dimorphism?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Owens, I. P. F., and Short, R. V. (1995). Hormonal basis of sexual dimorphism in birds: implications for new theories of sexual selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, 44–47.
Hormonal basis of sexual dimorphism in birds: implications for new theories of sexual selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itFWktQ%3D%3D&md5=7da1b8a0acef6c746ac25b71f29a8012CAS |

Payne, R., and Pagel, M. (1996). Escalation and time costs in displays of endurance. Journal of Theoretical Biology 183, 185–193.
Escalation and time costs in displays of endurance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pepper, A. Y. (1967). Notes on breeding the Red-winged Wren (Malurus elegans) in captivity. Western Australian Naturalist 10, 119–121.

Peters, A. (2000). Testosterone treatment is immunosuppressive in Superb Fairy-wrens, yet free-living males with high testosterone are more immunocompetent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 267, 883–889.
Testosterone treatment is immunosuppressive in Superb Fairy-wrens, yet free-living males with high testosterone are more immunocompetent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFGru7c%3D&md5=101c1c295a764bfb3763060714573887CAS | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFGru7c%3D&md5=101c1c295a764bfb3763060714573887CAS |

Peters, A. (2002). Testosterone and the trade-off between mating and paternal effort in extrapair-mating Superb Fairy-wrens. Animal Behaviour 64, 103–112.
Testosterone and the trade-off between mating and paternal effort in extrapair-mating Superb Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A. (2007). Testosterone treatment of female Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus induces a male-like prenuptial moult, but no coloured plumage. Ibis 149, 121–127.
Testosterone treatment of female Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus induces a male-like prenuptial moult, but no coloured plumage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A., Astheimer, L. B., Boland, C. R. J., and Cockburn, A. (2000). Testosterone is involved in the acquisition and maintenance of sexually-selected male plumage in Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47, 438–445.
Testosterone is involved in the acquisition and maintenance of sexually-selected male plumage in Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A., Astheimer, L. B., and Cockburn, A. (2001). The annual testosterone profile in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, reflects their extreme infidelity. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50, 519–527.
The annual testosterone profile in cooperatively breeding Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, reflects their extreme infidelity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A., Cockburn, A., and Cunningham, R. (2002). Testosterone treatment suppresses paternal care in Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, despite their concurrent investment in courtship. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51, 538–547.
Testosterone treatment suppresses paternal care in Superb Fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, despite their concurrent investment in courtship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A., Delhey, K., Andersson, S., Van Noordwijk, H., and Förschler, M. I. (2008). Condition-dependence of multiple carotenoid-based plumage traits: an experimental study. Functional Ecology 22, 831–839.
Condition-dependence of multiple carotenoid-based plumage traits: an experimental study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peters, A., Kurvers, R. H. J. M., Roberts, M. L., and Delhey, K. (2011). No evidence for general condition-dependence of structural plumage colour in Blue Tits: an experiment. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, 976–987.
No evidence for general condition-dependence of structural plumage colour in Blue Tits: an experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MvksleksA%3D%3D&md5=fc1c2412c9f6320785675f42785fd38aCAS | 21306464PubMed |

Pickett, M. (1995). Some observations on petal carrying and display by the Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus. South Australian Ornithologist 32, 64.

Prum, R. O. (1997). Phylogenetic tests of alternative intersexual selection mechanisms: trait macroevolution in a polygynous clade (Aves : Pipridae). American Naturalist 149, 668–692.
Phylogenetic tests of alternative intersexual selection mechanisms: trait macroevolution in a polygynous clade (Aves : Pipridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prum, R. (2006) Anatomy, physics, and evolution of structural colors. In ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 1: Mechanisms and Measurements’. (Eds G. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw.) pp. 295–353. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Prum, R. O. (2010). The Lande-Kirkpatrick mechanism is the null model of evolution by intersexual selection: implications for meaning, honesty, and design in intersexual signals. Evolution 64, 3085–3100.
The Lande-Kirkpatrick mechanism is the null model of evolution by intersexual selection: implications for meaning, honesty, and design in intersexual signals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20633044PubMed |

Rathburn, M. K., and Montgomerie, R. (2003). Breeding biology and social structure of White-winged Fairy-wrens (Malurus leucopterus): comparison between island and mainland subspecies having different plumage phenotypes. Emu 103, 295–306.
Breeding biology and social structure of White-winged Fairy-wrens (Malurus leucopterus): comparison between island and mainland subspecies having different plumage phenotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roberts, M., Buchanan, K., and Evans, M. (2004). Testing the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: a review of the evidence. Animal Behaviour 68, 227–239.
Testing the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: a review of the evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Robertson, G. J., Cooke, F., Goudie, R. I., and Boyd, W. S. (1998). Moult speed predicts pairing success in male Harlequin Ducks. Animal Behaviour 55, 1677–1684.
Moult speed predicts pairing success in male Harlequin Ducks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9642011PubMed |

Robinson, A. H. (1955). Nesting seasons of Western Australian birds – a further contribution. Western Australian Naturalist 4, 187–192.

Rowe, M., and McGraw, K. (2008). Carotenoids in the seminal fluid of wild birds: interspecific variation in fairy-wrens. Condor 110, 694–700.
Carotenoids in the seminal fluid of wild birds: interspecific variation in fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowe, M., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2011). Sperm competition selects for sperm quantity and quality in the Australian Maluridae. PLoS ONE 6, e15720.
Sperm competition selects for sperm quantity and quality in the Australian Maluridae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Glurw%3D&md5=3d1b9321c8918f07b94083cacf132473CAS | 21283577PubMed |

Rowe, M., Swaddle, J. P., Pruett-Jones, S., and Webster, M. S. (2010). Plumage coloration, ejaculate quality and reproductive phenotype in the Red-backed Fairy-wren. Animal Behaviour 79, 1239–1246.
Plumage coloration, ejaculate quality and reproductive phenotype in the Red-backed Fairy-wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I. (1963). The reaction of the Superb Blue Wren, Malurus cyaneus, to models of the same and closely related species. Emu 63, 207–214.
The reaction of the Superb Blue Wren, Malurus cyaneus, to models of the same and closely related species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I. (1981a). The communal way of life in the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 55, 228–267.
The communal way of life in the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I. (1981b). A relict population of Blue-breasted Wrens Malurus pulcherrimus in the central wheatbelt. Western Australian Naturalist 15, 1–8.

Rowley, I. (1988). The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Malurus coronatus. An RAOU Conservation Statement. RAOU Report 34, 1–12.

Rowley, I. (1991). Petal-carrying by fairy-wrens of the genus Malurus. Australian Bird Watcher 14, 75–81.

Rowley, I., and Russell, E. (1990). Philandering – a mixed mating strategy in the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27, 431–437.
Philandering – a mixed mating strategy in the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I., and Russell, E. (1993). The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Malurus coronatus. II. Breeding biology, social organisation, demography and management. Emu 93, 235–250.
The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Malurus coronatus. II. Breeding biology, social organisation, demography and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I., and Russell, E. (1995). The breeding biology of the White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus leuconotus in a Western Australian coastal heathland. Emu 95, 175–184.
The breeding biology of the White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus leuconotus in a Western Australian coastal heathland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I., and Russell, E. (1997). ‘Fairy-wrens and Grasswrens – Maluridae.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)

Rowley, I., and Russell, E. (2002). A population study of the Blue-breasted Fairy-wren Malurus pulcherrimus at Dryandra, Western Australia. Emu 102, 127–135.
A population study of the Blue-breasted Fairy-wren Malurus pulcherrimus at Dryandra, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I., Russell, E., Brown, R., and Brown, M. (1988). The ecology and breeding biology of the Red-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus elegans. Emu 88, 161–176.
The ecology and breeding biology of the Red-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus elegans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rowley, I., Brooker, M. G., and Russell, E. M. (1991). The breeding biology of the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens: the significance of multiple broods. Emu 91, 197–221.
The breeding biology of the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens: the significance of multiple broods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, E., and Rowley, I. (1993a). Philopatry or dispersal: competition for breeding vacancies in the Splendid Fairy-wren, Malurus splendens. Animal Behaviour 45, 519–539.
Philopatry or dispersal: competition for breeding vacancies in the Splendid Fairy-wren, Malurus splendens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, E., and Rowley, I. (1993b). The demography of the cooperatively-breeding Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens. Australian Journal of Zoology 41, 475–505.
The demography of the cooperatively-breeding Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, E., and Rowley, I. (2000). Demography and social organisation of the Red-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus elegans. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 161–200.
Demography and social organisation of the Red-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus elegans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, E. M., Rowley, I., Brown, R. J., and Brown, M. N. (1991). Acquisition of nuptial plumage in the Red-winged Fairy-wren Malurus elegans. Corella 15, 125–133.

Schodde, R. (1982). ‘The Fairy-wrens: A Monograph of the Maluridae.’ (Lansdowne: Melbourne.)

Schodde, R., and Tidemann, S. C. (1988). ‘Readers Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds.’ 2nd edn. (Readers Digest: Sydney.)

Sedgwick, E. H. (1978). A population study of the Barrow Island avifauna. Western Australian Naturalist 14, 85–108.

Senar, J. (2006). Color displays as intrasexual signals of aggression and dominance. In ‘Bird Coloration. Vol. 2: Function and Evolution’. (Ed. G. E. Hill and K. J. McGraw.) pp. 87–136. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)

Slagsvold, T., Dale, S., and Kruszewicz, A. (1995). Predation favours cryptic coloration in breeding male Pied Flycatchers. Animal Behaviour 50, 1109–1121.
Predation favours cryptic coloration in breeding male Pied Flycatchers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Strong, M. (1990). Furgling by the Red-backed Fairy-wren. Sunbird 20, 37–38.

Strong, M., and Cuffee, E. (1985). Petal display by the Variegated Wren. Sunbird 15, 71.

Tarvin, K. A., Webster, M. S., Tuttle, E. M., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2005). Genetic similarity of social mates predicts the level of extrapair paternity in Splendid Fairy-wrens. Animal Behaviour 70, 945–955.
Genetic similarity of social mates predicts the level of extrapair paternity in Splendid Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tibbetts, E., and Pruett-Jones, S. (1999). Habitat and nest-site partitioning in Splendid and Variegated Fairy-wrens (Aves : Maluridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 47, 317–326.
Habitat and nest-site partitioning in Splendid and Variegated Fairy-wrens (Aves : Maluridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tidemann, S. C. (1980). Notes on breeding and social behaviour of the White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus. Emu 80, 157–161.
Notes on breeding and social behaviour of the White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tidemann, S. C. (1983). The behavioural ecology of three coexisting fairy-wrens (Maluridae : Malurus). Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.

Tidemann, S. C. (1989). Acquisition of nuptial plumage in White-winged Fairy-wrens Malurus leucopterus. Corella 13, 15–17.

Tidemann, S. C. (2004). Use of space, foraging behaviour and strategies of survival among three coexisting species of fairy-wrens (Malurus). Emu 104, 31–36.
Use of space, foraging behaviour and strategies of survival among three coexisting species of fairy-wrens (Malurus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tidemann, S. C., and Marples, T. G. (1987). Periodicity of breeding behaviour of three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.). Emu 87, 73–77.
Periodicity of breeding behaviour of three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tidemann, S. C., and Marples, T. G. (1988). Selection of nest sites by three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus). Emu 88, 9–15.
Selection of nest sites by three species of fairy-wrens (Malurus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Van Bael, S., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2000). Breeding biology and social behaviour of the eastern race of the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens melanotus. Emu 100, 95–108.
Breeding biology and social behaviour of the eastern race of the Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens melanotus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

van de Pol, M., Osmond, H. L., and Cockburn, A. (2012). Fluctuations in population composition dampen the impact of phenotypic plasticity on trait dynamics in Superb Fairy-wrens. Journal of Animal Ecology 81, 411–422.
Fluctuations in population composition dampen the impact of phenotypic plasticity on trait dynamics in Superb Fairy-wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21999931PubMed |

Van Doorn, A. (2007). Ecology and conservation of the Purple-crowned Fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus coronatus) in the Northern Territory, Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainsville.

van Rhijn, J., and Groothuis, T. (1987). On the mechanism of mate selection in Black-headed Gulls. Behaviour 100, 134–169.
On the mechanism of mate selection in Black-headed Gulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Varian-Ramos, C. W., Karubian, J., Talbott, V., Tapia, I., and Webster, M. S. (2010). Offspring sex ratios reflect lack of repayment by auxiliary males in a cooperatively breeding passerine. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, 967–977.
Offspring sex ratios reflect lack of repayment by auxiliary males in a cooperatively breeding passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Waterhouse, J. D. (1939). The Variegated Wren. Emu 39, 93–94.
The Variegated Wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webster, H. O. (1947). Field notes on Malurus elegans, the Red-winged Wren of Western Australia. Emu 47, 287–290.
Field notes on Malurus elegans, the Red-winged Wren of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webster, M. S. (1992). Sexual dimorphism, mating system and body size in new world blackbirds (Icterinae). Evolution 46, 1621–1641.
Sexual dimorphism, mating system and body size in new world blackbirds (Icterinae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webster, M. S., Tarvin, K. A., Tuttle, E. M., and Pruett-Jones, S. (2004). Reproductive promiscuity in the Splendid Fairy-wren: effects of group size and reproduction by auxiliaries. Behavioral Ecology 15, 907–915.
Reproductive promiscuity in the Splendid Fairy-wren: effects of group size and reproduction by auxiliaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webster, M. S., Varian, C. W., and Karubian, J. (2008). Plumage colour and reproduction in the Red-backed Fairy-wren: why be a dull breeder? Behavioral Ecology 19, 517–524.
Plumage colour and reproduction in the Red-backed Fairy-wren: why be a dull breeder?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webster, M. S., Karubian, J., and Schwabl, H. (2010). Dealing with uncertainty: flexible reproductive strategies by a tropical passerine bird in an unstable ecological and social environment. Advances in the Study of Behavior 42, 123–153.
Dealing with uncertainty: flexible reproductive strategies by a tropical passerine bird in an unstable ecological and social environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

White, H. L. (1910). Description of two new nest and eggs of from north-west Australia, with field notes by the collector Emu 10, 132–134.
Description of two new nest and eggs of from north-west Australia, with field notes by the collectorCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

White, H. L. (1914). Describtion of new Australian bird’s eggs. Emu 14, 57–59.
Describtion of new Australian bird’s eggs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

White, S. R. (1946). Notes on the birdlife of Australia’s heaviest rainfall region. Emu 46, 81–122.
Notes on the birdlife of Australia’s heaviest rainfall region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitlock, F. L. (1908). Notes on birds observed on the Pilbara Goldfield, north-western Australia. Emu 8, 173–194.
Notes on birds observed on the Pilbara Goldfield, north-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitlock, F. L. (1910). In the Stirling Ranges, Western Australia. Emu 10, 305–317.
In the Stirling Ranges, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitlock, F. L. (1918). Notes on birds breeding in Dampier Archipelago, NW coast of Australia. Emu 18, 240–253.
Notes on birds breeding in Dampier Archipelago, NW coast of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitlock, F. L. (1922). A trip to the Fortescue River and Hamersley Ranges, north-west Australia. Emu 22, 259–273.
A trip to the Fortescue River and Hamersley Ranges, north-west Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitlock, F. L. (1923). Journey to central Australia in search of the Night Parrot. Emu 23, 248–281.
Journey to central Australia in search of the Night Parrot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whittell, H. M. (1933). The birds of the Bridgetown District, south-west Australia. Emu 33, 182–189.

Whittell, H. M. (1938). The Red-winged Wren. Emu 38, 429–438.
The Red-winged Wren.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wingfield, J. (2012). The challenge hypothesis: behavioral ecology to neurogenomics. Journal of Ornithology 153, 85–96.
The challenge hypothesis: behavioral ecology to neurogenomics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |