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Vertebrate reproductive science and technology
REVIEW

Impacts of and interactions between environmental stress and epigenetic programming during early embryo development

Michael J. Bertoldo A F , Yann Locatelli A B C D , Christopher O’Neill E and Pascal Mermillod A C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.

B Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Laboratoire de la Réserve de la Haute Touche, 36290, Obterre, France.

C Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.

D Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France.

E Centre for Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.

F Corresponding author. Email: michael1984@hotmail.fr

Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27(8) 1125-1136 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD14049
Submitted: 11 February 2014  Accepted: 31 March 2014   Published: 26 June 2014

Abstract

The processes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) involve a variety of interventions that impact on the oocyte and embryo. Critically, these interventions cause considerable stress and coincide with important imprinting events throughout gametogenesis, fertilisation and early embryonic development. It is now accepted that the IVM and in vitro development of gametes and embryos can perturb the natural course of development to varying degrees of severity. Altered gene expression and, more recently, imprinting disorders relating to ART have become a focused area of research. Although various hypotheses have been put forward, most research has been observational, with little attempt to discover the mechanisms and periods of sensitivity during embryo development that are influenced by the culture conditions following fertilisation. The embryo possesses innate survival factor signalling pathways, yet when an embryo is placed in culture, this signalling in response to in vitro stress becomes critically important in mitigating the effects of stresses caused by the in vitro environment. It is apparent that not all embryos possess this ability to adequately adapt to the stresses experienced in vitro, most probably due to an inadequate oocyte. It is speculated that it is important that embryos use their survival signalling mechanisms to maintain normal epigenetic programming. The seeming redundancy in the function of various survival signalling pathways would support this notion. Any invasion into the natural, highly orchestrated and dynamic process of sexual reproduction could perturb the normal progression of epigenetic programming. Therefore the source of gametes and the subsequent culture conditions of gametes and embryos are critically important and require careful attention. It is the aim of this review to highlight avenues of research to elucidate the effects of stress and the relationship with epigenetic programming. The short- and long-term health and viability of human and animal embryos derived in vitro will also be discussed.

Additional keywords: apoptosis, assisted reproductive technologies, cAMP response element-binding protein, embryotrophins, oocyte quality, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.


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