Reproductive data from 304 cows were analyzed in milk herds of the western central region of the Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, to evaluate the effect of diseases in the postpartum period and their effect on the reproductive issues related to specialist (n = 180), semi-specialist (n = 84), and non-specialist (n = 40) systems of milk production. For statistical analysis ANOVA and correlation at 5% significance were used. The results revealed that 42% of females had postpartum disorders (129/304) and 58% were healthy (175/304). At 60 days after AI, 51% (114/225) of the cows were pregnant. Sick postpartum animals had a low rate of pregnancy (19%). In the specialized and non-specialized systems, a correlation (P = 0.00227; 0.0310) was detected between healthy animals and pregnant, among patients and non-pregnant (P = 0.0289; 0.0160), respectively. The incidence of uterine infection detected by ultrasound after parturition (28%) was higher than the incidence in animals with mastitis (16%). None of the production systems has proved to be an effective model to prevent postpartum disease. The incidence of disease postpartum, as well as the incidence of uterine infections, was similar between the systems of production. The neosporose, uterine infections and mastitis were the reproductive health problems most prevalent in the study.