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Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Weeds of Australian rangelands

Tara G. Martin A B E , Shane Campbell C D and Simone Grounds A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.

B Current address: Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.

C Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water, Charter Towers, Qld 4820, Australia.

D Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management, PMB 1, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.

E Corresponding author. Email: Tara.Martin@ubc.ca

The Rangeland Journal 28(1) 3-26 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ06017
Submitted: 8 February 2006  Accepted: 31 March 2006   Published: 29 May 2006

Abstract

Despite recognition that non-native plant species represent a substantial risk to natural systems, there is currently no compilation of weeds that impact on the biodiversity of the rangelands within Australia. Using published and expert knowledge, this paper presents a list of 622 non-native naturalised species known to occur within the rangelands. Of these, 160 species (26%) are considered a current threat to rangeland biodiversity. Most of these plant species have been deliberately introduced for forage or other commercial use (e.g. nursery trade). Among growth forms, shrubs and perennial grasses comprise over 50% of species that pose the greatest risk to rangeland biodiversity. We identify regions within the rangelands containing both high biodiversity values and a high proportion of weeds and recommend these areas as priorities for weed management. Finally, we examine the resources available for weed detection and identification since detecting weeds in the early stages of invasion is the most cost effective method of reducing further impact.

Additional keywords: biodiversity impact, exotic, management, non-native, pastoral.


Acknowledgments

Many people have contributed to the compilation of this review, for which we are most grateful. In particular, we would like to acknowledge Sandy Lloyd, Nathan March, John Pitt, John Thorpe and Associates and Jason Weber. Participants of the weeds, biodiversity and rangeland workshop held in Brisbane 2005 (Nora Brandli, Yvonne Buckley, Steve Csurhes, Dane Panetta, Joe Vitelli, Craig Walton, Richard Carter, Mike Cole, Mic Julien, Rieks van Klinken, Rachel McFadyen, John Morley and Anita Smyth) and staff of the Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management and the Department of Environment and Heritage generously provided assistance. This manuscript benefited from comments from two anonymous referees.


References


ARMCANZ (Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council) (1999). ‘The national weeds strategy: a strategic approach to weed problems of national significance.’ (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.)

Auld B. A. , and Medd R. W. (1992). ‘Weeds: an illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia.’ (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)

Australian Weeds Committee (2004). ‘Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories.’ Available online at: www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm (accessed 20 March 2006).

Braithwaite R. W., Lonsdale W. M., Estbergs J. A. (1989) Alien vegetation and native biota in tropical Australia: the impact of Mimosa pigra. Biological Conservation 48, 189–210.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | (accessed 20 March 2006).

Department of the Environment and Heritage (2006). ‘Weeds on the national environmental alert list.’ (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.) Available online at: www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/alert-list.html (accessed 20 March 2006).

Department of Natural Resources and Mines (2001 a). ‘Cape York Peninsula weed pocket guide.’ (Web and Publishing Services, Department of Natural Resources and Mines: Brisbane.)

Department of Natural Resources and Mines (2001 b). ‘Weed pocket guide of agricultural and environmental weeds in far North Queensland.’ (Web and Publishing Services, Department of Natural Resources and Mines: Brisbane.)

Department of Natural Resources and Mines (2003). ‘Weed pocket guide for the Burdekin Dry Tropics.’ (Web and Publishing Services, Department of Natural Resources and Mines: Brisbane.)

Fairfax R. J., Fensham R. J. (2000) The effect of exotic pasture development on floristic diversity in central Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation 94, 11–21.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | (accessed 20 March 2006).

2 IK accessed via the International Plant Names Index www.ipni.org/copyright.html (accessed 20 March 2006).

3 www.weeds.crc.org.au/publications/weed_man_guides.html (accessed 20 March 2006).

4 www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/#weeds (accessed 24 March 2006).

5 www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/#weeds (accessed 24 March 2006).

6 www.weeds.org.au/weedident.htm (accessed 24 March 2006).




Appendix 1.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1A


Appendix 1B.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1B


Appendix 1C.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1C


Appendix 1D.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1D


Appendix 1E.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1E


Appendix 1F.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1F


Appendix 1G.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1G


Appendix 1H.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1H


Appendix 1I.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1I


Appendix 1J.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1J


Appendix 1K.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1K


Appendix 1L.  List of 622 non-native plant species that occur in the rangelands, including 153 species, representing 94 taxa (Table 2), which pose a threat to rangeland biodiversity
Species known to have an impact on rangeland biodiversity are noted (Y). The list was compiled using published literature (Table 1) and expert knowledge (see Acknowledgments). Where possible, nomenclature follows the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)A, otherwise Index KewensisB is used
A1L



Appendix 2.  Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) regions that occur in the rangelands
Of the 85 IBRA regions, 53 contain rangelands and are listed below along with the state/territory in which they occur. Victoria and Tasmania do not contain rangelands and hence are not listed below
A2