Register      Login
The Rangeland Journal The Rangeland Journal Society
Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Evaluating carbon storage in restoration plantings in the Tasmanian Midlands, a highly modified agricultural landscape

Lynda D. Prior A D , Keryn I. Paul B , Neil J. Davidson C , Mark J. Hovenden A , Scott C. Nichols A and David J. M. S. Bowman A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

B CSIRO, Agriculture Flagship and Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia.

C Greening Australia, Sustainability Learning Centre, GPO Box 1191, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: lynda.prior@utas.edu.au

The Rangeland Journal 37(5) 477-488 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ15070
Submitted: 27 July 2015  Accepted: 9 October 2015   Published: 30 October 2015

Abstract

In recent years there have been incentives to reforest cleared farmland in southern Australia to establish carbon sinks, but the rates of carbon sequestration by such plantings are uncertain at local scales. We used a chronosequence of 21 restoration plantings aged from 6 to 34 years old to measure how above- and belowground carbon relates to the age of the planting. We also compared the amount of carbon in these plantings with that in nearby remnant forest and in adjacent cleared pasture. In terms of total carbon storage in biomass, coarse woody debris and soil, young restoration plantings contained on average much less biomass carbon than the remnant forest (72 versus 203 Mg C ha–1), suggesting that restoration plantings had not yet attained maximum biomass carbon. Mean biomass carbon accumulation during the first 34 years after planting was estimated as 4.2 ± 0.6 Mg C ha–1 year–1, with the 10th and 90th quantile regression estimates being 2.1 and 8.8 Mg C ha–1 year–1. There were no significant differences in soil organic carbon (0–30-cm depth) between the plantings, remnant forest and pasture, with all values in the range of 59–67 Mg ha–1. This is in line with other studies showing that soil carbon is slow to respond to changes in land use. Based on our measured rates of biomass carbon accumulation, it would require ~50 years to accumulate the average carbon content of remnant forests. However, it is more realistic to assume the rates will slow with time, and it could take over 100 years to attain a new equilibrium of biomass carbon stocks.

Additional keywords: eucalypt, forest remnants, reforestation, soil carbon, temperate savanna, woodland.


References

Allen, D. E., Pringle, M. J., Page, K. L., and Dalal, R. C. (2010). A review of sampling designs for the measurement of soil organic carbon in Australian grazing lands. The Rangeland Journal 32, 227–246.
A review of sampling designs for the measurement of soil organic carbon in Australian grazing lands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bailey, T., Davidson, N., Potts, B., and Gauli, A. (2013). Plantings for carbon, biodiversity and restoration in dry rural landscapes. Australian Forest Grower 35, 39–41.

Bárcena, T. G., Gundersen, P., and Vesterdal, L. (2014). Afforestation effects on SOC in former cropland: oak and spruce chronosequences resampled after 13 years. Global Change Biology 20, 2938–2952.
Afforestation effects on SOC in former cropland: oak and spruce chronosequences resampled after 13 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24753073PubMed |

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. M., and Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1–7.

Bowman, D. M. J. S., Williamson, G. J., Keenan, R. J., and Prior, L. D. (2014). A warmer world will reduce tree growth in evergreen broadleaf forests: Evidence from Australian temperate and subtropical eucalypt forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, 925–934.
A warmer world will reduce tree growth in evergreen broadleaf forests: Evidence from Australian temperate and subtropical eucalypt forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2012). Little left to lose: deforestation and forest degradation in Australia since European colonization. Journal of Plant Ecology 5, 109–120.
Little left to lose: deforestation and forest degradation in Australia since European colonization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bureau of Meteorology (2015). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Oatlands. Available at: www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_093014.shtml (accessed 9 June 2015).

Burnham, K. P., and Anderson, D. R. (2002). ‘Model Selection and Multimodel Inference. A Practical Information -Theoretic Approach.’ 2nd edn. (Springer: New York, USA.)

Churkina, G., and Running, S. W. (1998). Contrasting climatic controls on the estimated productivity of global terrestrial biomes. Ecosystems 1, 206–215.
Contrasting climatic controls on the estimated productivity of global terrestrial biomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cotching, W. E. (2012). Carbon stocks in Tasmanian soils. Soil Research 50, 83–90.

Cotching, W. E., Lynch, S., and Kidd, D. B. (2009). Dominant soil orders in Tasmania: distribution and selected properties. Australian Journal of Soil Research 47, 537–548.
Dominant soil orders in Tasmania: distribution and selected properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cunningham, S. C., Metzeling, K. J., Mac Nally, R., Thomson, J. R., and Cavagnaro, T. R. (2012). Changes in soil carbon of pastures after afforestation with mixed species: Sampling, heterogeneity and surrogates. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 158, 58–65.
Changes in soil carbon of pastures after afforestation with mixed species: Sampling, heterogeneity and surrogates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cunningham, S. C., Cavagnaro, T. R., Mac Nally, R., Paul, K. I., Baker, P. J., Beringer, J., Thomson, J. R., and Thompson, R. M. (2015). Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively sequesters and stabilizes carbon within decades. Global Change Biology 21, 1552–1566.
Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively sequesters and stabilizes carbon within decades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25230693PubMed |

Davidson, N. J., Close, D. C., Battaglia, M., Churchill, K., Ottenschlaeger, M., Watson, T., and Bruce, J. (2007). Eucalypt health and agricultural land management within bushland remnants in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia. Biological Conservation 139, 439–446.
Eucalypt health and agricultural land management within bushland remnants in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Davies, P. E., and Barker, P. (2005). ‘Critical Ecological Assets in Areas of High Salinisation Hazard in the Tasmanian Midlands.’ Project Report. (DPIWE, Tasmania: Hobart, Tas.)

de Salas, M. F., and Baker, M. L. (2015) ‘A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, Including Macquarie Island.’ (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery: Hobart, Tas.) Available at: www.tmag.tas.gov.au (accessed 8 October 2015)

DOTE (2014). ‘Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) (Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings—FullCAM) Methodology Determination.’ Reference F2014L01212. (Australian Government: Canberra, ACT.)

Fedrigo, M., Kasel, S., Bennett, L. T., Roxburgh, S. H., and Nitschke, C. R. (2014). Carbon stocks in temperate forests of south-eastern Australia reflect large tree distribution and edaphic conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 334, 129–143.
Carbon stocks in temperate forests of south-eastern Australia reflect large tree distribution and edaphic conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fensham, R. J. (1989). The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands, Tasmania – a floristic and historical analysis of vegetation patterns. Journal of Biogeography 16, 29–45.
The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands, Tasmania – a floristic and historical analysis of vegetation patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

George, R. J., Nulsen, R. A., Ferdowsian, R., and Raper, G. P. (1999). Interactions between trees and groundwaters in recharge and discharge areas – A survey of Western Australian sites. Agricultural Water Management 39, 91–113.
Interactions between trees and groundwaters in recharge and discharge areas – A survey of Western Australian sites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gholz, H. L., Wedin, D. A., Smitherman, S. M., Harmon, M. E., and Parton, W. J. (2000). Long-term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments: toward a global model of decomposition. Global Change Biology 6, 751–765.
Long-term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments: toward a global model of decomposition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gifford, R. M. (2000). ‘Carbon Contents of Above-ground Tissues of Forest and Woodland Trees.’ (Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, ACT.)

Grice, M. S. (1995). ‘Assessment of Soil and Land Degradation on Private Freehold Land in Tasmania.’ (Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries: Tasmania, Australia.)

Guo, L. B., and Gifford, R. M. (2002). Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biology 8, 345–360.
Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harper, R. J., Okom, A. E. A., Stilwell, A. T., Tibbett, M., Dean, C., George, S. J., Sochacki, S. J., Mitchell, C. D., Mann, S. S., and Dods, K. (2012). Reforesting degraded agricultural landscapes with Eucalypts: Effects on carbon storage and soil fertility after 26 years. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 163, 3–13.
Reforesting degraded agricultural landscapes with Eucalypts: Effects on carbon storage and soil fertility after 26 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hatanaka, N., Wright, W., Loyn, R. H., and Mac Nally, R. (2011). Ecologically complex carbon – linking biodiversity values, carbon storage and habitat structure in some austral temperate forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20, 260–271.
Ecologically complex carbon – linking biodiversity values, carbon storage and habitat structure in some austral temperate forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hovenden, M. J., Newton, P. C. D., and Wills, K. E. (2014). Seasonal not annual rainfall determines grassland biomass response to carbon dioxide. Nature 511, 583–586.
Seasonal not annual rainfall determines grassland biomass response to carbon dioxide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpslGiu7k%3D&md5=bf3664d91163f1cf19334523548778a9CAS | 24870242PubMed |

Ilic, J., Boland, D., McDonald, M., Downes, G., and Blakemore, P. (2000). ‘Woody Density Phase 1 – State of Knowledge.’ (Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, ACT.)

IPCC (2000). An overview of scenarios, Chapter 4. In: ‘Special Report on Emissions Scenarios’. (Eds N. Nakicenovic and R. Swart.) pp. 570. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)

Isbell, R. F. (2002). ‘The Australian Soil Classification.’ Rev. edn. Australian Soil and Land Survey Series, Vol. 4. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)

Jobbágy, E. G., and Jackson, R. B. (2000). The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10, 423–436.
The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Keith, H., Barrett, D., and Keenan, R. (2000). ‘Review of Allometric Relationships for Estimating Woody Biomass for New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.’ (Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, ACT.)

Kessler, M., Hertel, D., Jungkunst, H. F., Kluge, J., Abrahamczyk, S., Bos, M., Buchori, D., Gerold, G., Gradstein, S. R., Kohler, S., Leuschner, C., Moser, G., Pitopang, R., Saleh, S., Schulze, C. H., Sporn, S. G., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. S., and Tscharntke, T. (2012). Can joint carbon and biodiversity management in tropical agroforestry landscapes be optimized? PLoS One 7, e47192.
Can joint carbon and biodiversity management in tropical agroforestry landscapes be optimized?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1SitLbO&md5=c86c9dcc6ba755cdcdf2afda6cfbcf7cCAS | 23077569PubMed |

Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1991). The magnitude and significance of land clearance in Tasmania in the 1980s. Tasforests 3, 11–14.

Koenker, R. (2013). quantreg: Quantile Regression. R package version 5.05.

Laganière, J., Angers, D. A., and Pare, D. (2010). Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 16, 439–453.
Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lal, R. (2005). Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 242–258.
Forest soils and carbon sequestration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Larjavaara, M., and Muller-Landau, H. C. (2012). Temperature explains global variation in biomass among humid old-growth forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 998–1006.
Temperature explains global variation in biomass among humid old-growth forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Donnelly, C. F., and Franklin, J. F. (2000). Structural features of old-growth Australian montane ash forests. Forest Ecology and Management 134, 189–204.
Structural features of old-growth Australian montane ash forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McKenzie, N., Ryan, P., Fogarty, P., and Wood, J. (2000). ‘Sampling, Measurement and Analytical Protocols for Carbon Estimation in Soil, Litter and Coarse Woody Debris.’ (Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, ACT.)

McMurray, S. K. (1983). An investigation of tree decline on Tasmanian farms. Masters Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Mitchell, C. D., Harper, R. J., and Keenan, R. J. (2012). Current status and future prospects for carbon forestry in Australia. Australian Forestry 75, 200–212.
Current status and future prospects for carbon forestry in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moroni, M. T., Kelley, T. H., and McLarin, M. L. (2010). Carbon in trees in Tasmanian forest. International Journal of Forestry Research 690462, 13.

Munks, S., Wapstra, M., Corkrey, R., Otley, H., Miller, G., and Walker, B. (2007). The occurrence of potential tree hollows in the dry eucalypt forests of south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. Australian Zoologist 34, 22–36.
The occurrence of potential tree hollows in the dry eucalypt forests of south-eastern Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neyland, M. G. (1999). A review of factors implicated in tree decline in Tasmania. Tasmanian Naturalist 121, 13–25.

Nguyen, H., Herbohn, J., Firn, J., and Lamb, D. (2012). Biodiversity-productivity relationships in small-scale mixed-species plantations using native species in Leyte province, Philippines. Forest Ecology and Management 274, 81–90.
Biodiversity-productivity relationships in small-scale mixed-species plantations using native species in Leyte province, Philippines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Page, K. L., Dalal, R. C., and Raison, R. J. (2011). The impact of harvesting native forests on vegetation and soil C stocks, and soil CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 654–668.
The impact of harvesting native forests on vegetation and soil C stocks, and soil CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Polglase, P. J., Nyakuengama, J. G., and Khanna, P. K. (2002). Change in soil carbon following afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management 168, 241–257.
Change in soil carbon following afforestation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Jacobsen, K., Koul, V., Leppert, P., and Smith, J. (2008). Predicting growth and sequestration of carbon by plantations growing in regions of low-rainfall in southern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 254, 205–216.
Predicting growth and sequestration of carbon by plantations growing in regions of low-rainfall in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Roxburgh, S. H., Ritson, P., Brooksbank, K., England, J. R., Larmour, J. S., Raison, R. J., Peck, A., Wildy, D. T., Sudmeyer, R. A., Giles, R., Carter, J., Bennett, R., Mendham, D. S., Huxtable, D., and Bartle, J. R. (2013). Testing allometric equations for prediction of above-ground biomass of mallee eucalypts in southern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 310, 1005–1015.
Testing allometric equations for prediction of above-ground biomass of mallee eucalypts in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Roxburgh, S. H., England, J. R., Brooksbank, K., Larmour, J. S., Ritson, P., Wildy, D., Sudmeyer, R., Raison, R. J., Hobbs, T., Murphy, S., Sochacki, S., McAtthur, G., Carton, C., Jonson, J., Theiveyanathan, S., and Carter, J. (2014). Root biomass of carbon plantings in agricultural landscapes of southernAustralia: Development and testing of allometrics. Forest Ecology and Management 318, 216–227.
Root biomass of carbon plantings in agricultural landscapes of southernAustralia: Development and testing of allometrics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Roxburgh, S. H., England, J. R., de Ligt, R., Larmour, J. S., Brooksbank, K., Murphy, S., Ritson, P., Hobbs, T., Lewis, T., Preece, N. D., Cunningham, S. C., Read, Z., Clifford, D., and Raison, R. J. (2015). Improved models for estimating temporal changes in carbon sequestration in above-ground biomass of mixed-species environmental plantings. Forest Ecology and Management 338, 208–218.
Improved models for estimating temporal changes in carbon sequestration in above-ground biomass of mixed-species environmental plantings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paul, K. I., Cunningham, S. C., England, J. R., Roxburgh, S. H., Preece, N. D., Lewis, T., Brooksbank, K., Crawford, D. F., and Polglase, P. J. (2016). Managing reforestation to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity potential and minimize loss of agricultural land. Land Use Policy, , .

Pendall, E., Osanai, Y., Williams, A. L., and Hovenden, M. J. (2011). Soil carbon storage under simulated climate change is mediated by plant functional type. Global Change Biology 17, 505–514.
Soil carbon storage under simulated climate change is mediated by plant functional type.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pichancourt, J. B., Firn, J., Chades, I., and Martin, T. G. (2014). Growing biodiverse carbon-rich forests. Global Change Biology 20, 382–393.
Growing biodiverse carbon-rich forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23913584PubMed |

Poeplau, C., Don, A., Vesterdal, L., Leifeld, J., Van Wesemael, B., Schumacher, J., and Gensior, A. (2011). Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone – carbon response functions as a model approach. Global Change Biology 17, 2415–2427.
Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone – carbon response functions as a model approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Polglase, P., Paul, K., Hawkins, C., Siggins, A., Turner, J., Booth, T., Crawford, D., Jovanovic, T., Hobbs, T., Opie, K., Almeida, A., and Carter, J. (2008). ‘Regional Opportunities for Agroforestry Systems in Australia.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra, ACT.)

Prior, L. D., Sanders, G. J., Bridle, K. L., Nichols, S. C., Harris, R., and Bowman, D. J. M. S. (2013). Land clearance not dieback continues to drive tree loss in a Tasmanian rural landscape. Regional Environmental Change 13, 955–967.
Land clearance not dieback continues to drive tree loss in a Tasmanian rural landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

R Core Team (2014). ‘R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria.)

Romanin, L. M., Prior, L. D., Williamson, G. J., and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2015). Trajectory (1788–2070) of land cover and above ground carbon stocks following the transition from hunter-gatherer estates to a Neo-European agricultural landscape in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia. Anthropocene 9, 33–40.
Trajectory (1788–2070) of land cover and above ground carbon stocks following the transition from hunter-gatherer estates to a Neo-European agricultural landscape in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schimel, D. S., Braswell, B. H., McKeown, R., Ojima, D. S., Parton, W. J., and Pulliam, W. (1996). Climate and nitrogen controls on the geography and timescales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10, 677–692.
Climate and nitrogen controls on the geography and timescales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xntl2jurk%3D&md5=101f50c3dae8444f6f18d26a737c0c22CAS |

Snowdon, P., Ryan, P., and Raison, J. (2005). ‘Review of C:N Ratios in Vegetation, Litter and Soil under Australian Native Forests and Plantations.’ (Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, ACT.)

Stockmann, U., Adams, M. A., Crawford, J. W., Field, D. J., Henakaarchchi, N., Jenkins, M., Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., de Remy de Courcelles, V., Singh, K., Wheeler, I., Abbott, L., Angers, D. A., Baldock, J., Bird, M., Brookes, P. C., Chenu, C., Jastrow, J. D., Lal, R., Lehmann, J., O’Donnell, A. G., Parton, W. J., Whitehead, D., and Zimmermann, M. (2013). The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 164, 80–99.
The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnvFGltQ%3D%3D&md5=c2b29389bd4905bae2bf2eaeb56fae7bCAS |

UNFCCC (1997). ‘Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.’ (United Nations: New York, USA.)

Vesk, P. A., and Mac Nally, R. (2006). The clock is ticking – Revegetation and habitat for birds and arboreal mammals in rural landscapes of southern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 112, 356–366.
The clock is ticking – Revegetation and habitat for birds and arboreal mammals in rural landscapes of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Williamson, G. J., Prior, L. D., Grose, M. R., Harris, R. M. B., and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2014). Predicting canopy cover change in Tasmanian eucalypt forests using dynamically downscaled regional climate projections. Regional Environmental Change 14, 1373–1386.
Predicting canopy cover change in Tasmanian eucalypt forests using dynamically downscaled regional climate projections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woldendorp, G., and Keenan, R. J. (2005). Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems: A review. Austral Ecology 30, 834–843.
Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woldendorp, G., Spencer, R. D., Keenan, R. J., and Barry, S. (2002). ‘An Analysis of Sampling Methods for Coarse Woody Debris in Australian Forest Ecosystems.’ (Bureau of Rural Sciences: Canberra, ACT.)

Wynn, J. G., Bird, M. I., Vellen, L., Grand-Clement, E., Carter, J., and Berry, S. L. (2006). Continental-scale measurement of the soil organic carbon pool with climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20, GB1007.
Continental-scale measurement of the soil organic carbon pool with climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yates, C. J., and Hobbs, R. J. (1997). Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 949–973.
Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |