References
[1]
Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d’Arminio Monforte A,
et al
Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study.
Lancet 2003
; 362: 22–9.
|
CrossRef |
[2]
van Sighem AI, Gras LA, Reiss P, Brinkman K, de Wolf F.
Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals.
AIDS 2010
; 24: 1527–35.
|
CrossRef |
[3]
Health Protection Agency. Survey of prevalent HIV infections diagnosed (SOPHID) data tables 2009. London: Health Protection Agency; 2010. Available online at:
http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1221482342683 [verified March 2011].
[4]
European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS). Guidelines: prevention and management of non-infectious co-morbidities in HIV. Paris: EACS. Available online at:
http://www.europeanaidsclinicalsociety.org/guidelinespdf/2_Non_Infectious_Co_Morbidities_in_HIV.pdf [verified March 2011].
[5]
Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P.
Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group.
Crit Care 2004
; 8: R204–12.
|
CrossRef |
[6]
Feest TG, Round A, Hamad S.
Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study.
BMJ 1993
; 306: 481–3.
|
CrossRef |
[7]
Leblanc M, Kellum JA, Gibney RT, Lieberthal W, Tumlin J, Mehta R.
Risk factors for acute renal failure: inherent and modifiable risks.
Curr Opin Crit Care 2005
; 11: 533–6.
|
CrossRef |
[8]
Metcalfe W, Simpson M, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, Simpson K, Smith WC,
et al
Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome.
QJM 2002
; 95: 579–83.
|
CrossRef |
[9]
Wyatt CM, Arons RR, Klotman PE, Klotman ME.
Acute renal failure in hospitalized patients with HIV: risk factors and impact on in-hospital mortality.
AIDS 2006
; 20: 561–5.
|
CrossRef |
[10]
Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Eron JJ, Szczech LA, Finn WF.
Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients.
Kidney Int 2005
; 67: 1526–31.
|
CrossRef |
[11]
Roe J, Campbell LJ, Ibrahim F, Hendry BM, Post FA.
HIV care and the incidence of acute renal failure.
Clin Infect Dis 2008
; 47: 242–9.
|
CrossRef |
[12]
Ibrahim F, Naftalin C, Cheserem E, Roe J, Campbell LJ, Bansi L,
et al
Immunodeficiency and renal impairment are risk factors for HIV-associated acute renal failure.
AIDS 2010
; 24: 2239–44.
|
CrossRef |
[13]
Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Finn WF, Szczech LA, Eron JJ.
Immunosuppression, hepatitis C infection, and acute renal failure in HIV-infected patients.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006
; 42: 368–72.
|
CrossRef |
[14]
Hallan SI, Dahl K, Oien CM, Grootendorst DC, Aasberg A, Holmen J,
et al
Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey.
BMJ 2006
; 333: 1047.
|
CrossRef |
[15]
Brenner BM, Lazarus JM. Chronic renal failure. In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. Thirteenth edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
[16]
Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE,
et al
Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis.
Lancet 2010
; 375: 2073–81.
|
CrossRef |
[17]
Ansell D, Castledean C, Feehally J, Fogarty D, Ford D, Inward C, et al. The twelfth annual report December 2009. Bristol: UK Renal Registry; 2009. Available online at:
http://www.renalreg.com/Reports/2009.html [verified March 2011].
[18]
Excell L, McDonald S. 2009 Annual Report, Australia & New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Chapter 1: Stock and flow. Available online at:
http://www.anzdata.org.au/anzdata/AnzdataReport/32ndReport/Ch01.pdf [verified March 2011].
[19]
Post FA, Holt SG.
Recent developments in HIV and the kidney.
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009
; 22: 43–8.
|
CrossRef |
[20]
Choi AI, Rodriguez RA, Bacchetti P, Bertenthal D, Volberding PA, O’Hare AM.
Racial differences in end-stage renal disease rates in HIV infection versus diabetes.
J Am Soc Nephrol 2007
; 18: 2968–74.
|
CrossRef |
[21]
Bansi L, Hughes A, Bhagani S, Mackie NE, Leen C, Levy J,
et al
Clinical epidemiology of HIV-associated end-stage renal failure in the UK.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 2517–21.
|
CrossRef |
[22]
Post FA, Campbell LJ, Hamzah L, Collins L, Jones R, Siwani R,
et al
Predictors of renal outcome in HIV-associated nephropathy.
Clin Infect Dis 2008
; 46: 1282–9.
|
CrossRef |
[23]
Lucas GM, Eustace JA, Sozio S, Mentari EK, Appiah KA, Moore RD.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: a 12-year cohort study.
AIDS 2004
; 18: 541–6.
|
CrossRef |
[24]
Szczech LA, Gupta SK, Habash R, Guasch A, Kalayjian R, Appel R,
et al
The clinical epidemiology and course of the spectrum of renal diseases associated with HIV infection.
Kidney Int 2004
; 66: 1145–52.
|
CrossRef |
[25]
Berliner AR, Fine DM, Lucas GM, Rahman MH, Racusen LC, Scheel PJ,
et al
Observations on a cohort of HIV-infected patients undergoing native renal biopsy.
Am J Nephrol 2008
; 28: 478–86.
|
CrossRef |
[26]
Herman ES, Klotman PE.
HIV-associated nephropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Semin Nephrol 2003
; 23: 200–8.
|
CrossRef |
[27]
Kopp JB, Smith MW, Nelson GW, Johnson RC, Freedman BI, Bowden DW,
et al
MYH9 is a major-effect risk gene for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Nat Genet 2008
; 40: 1175–84.
|
CrossRef |
[28]
Tzur S, Rosset S, Shemer R, Yudkovsky G, Selig S, Tarekegn A,
et al
Missense mutations in the
APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the
MYH9 gene.
Hum Genet 2010
; 128: 345–50.
|
CrossRef |
[29]
Atta MG, Gallant JE, Rahman MH, Nagajothi N, Racusen LC, Scheel PJ,
et al
Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006
; 21: 2809–13.
|
CrossRef |
[30]
Choi A, Rodriguez R, Bacchetti P, Volberding P, Havlir D, Bertenthal D,
et al
Low rates of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease.
Clin Infect Dis 2007
; 45: 1633–9.
|
CrossRef |
[31]
Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I.
HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective.
Kidney Int 2006
; 69: 1885–91.
|
CrossRef |
[32]
Haas M, Kaul S, Eustace JA.
HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with “lupus-like” features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases.
Kidney Int 2005
; 67: 1381–90.
|
CrossRef |
[33]
Lucas GM, Mehta SH, Atta MG, Kirk GD, Galai N, Vlahov D,
et al
End-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease in a cohort of African-American HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative participants followed between 1988 and 2004.
AIDS 2007
; 21: 2435–43.
|
CrossRef |
[34]
Atta MG, Fine DM, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Moore RD, Lucas GM.
Survival during renal replacement therapy among African Americans infected with HIV type 1 in urban Baltimore, Maryland.
Clin Infect Dis 2007
; 45: 1625–32.
|
CrossRef |
[35]
Bhagani S, Sweny P, Brook G.
Guidelines for kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease.
HIV Med 2006
; 7: 133–9.
|
CrossRef |
[36]
Roland ME, Barin B, Carlson L, Frassetto LA, Terrault NA, Hirose R,
et al
HIV-infected liver and kidney transplant recipients: 1- and 3-year outcomes.
Am J Transplant 2008
; 8: 355–65.
|
CrossRef |
[37]
Trullas JC, Mocroft A, Cofan F, Tourret J, Moreno A, Bagnis CI,
et al
Dialysis and renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: a European survey.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010
; 55: 582–9.
|
CrossRef |
[38]
Stock PG, Barin B, Murphy B, Hanto D, Diego JM, Light J,
et al
Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients.
N Engl J Med 2010
; 363: 2004–14.
|
CrossRef |
[39]
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Gatell J, Reiss P, Gargalianos P, Zilmer K,
et al
Chronic renal failure among HIV-1-infected patients.
AIDS 2007
; 21: 1119–27.
|
CrossRef |
[40]
Wyatt CM, Winston JA, Malvestutto CD, Fishbein DA, Barash I, Cohen AJ,
et al
Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: an urban epidemic.
AIDS 2007
; 21: 2101–3.
|
CrossRef |
[41]
Cheung CY, Wong KM, Lee MP, Liu YL, Kwok H, Chung R,
et al
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Chinese HIV-infected patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007
; 22: 3186–90.
|
CrossRef |
[42]
Campbell LJ, Ibrahim F, Fisher M, Holt SG, Hendry BM, Post FA.
Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients.
HIV Med 2009
; 10: 329–36.
|
CrossRef |
[43]
Fernando SK, Finkelstein FO, Moore BA, Weissman S.
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an urban HIV infected population.
Am J Med Sci 2008
; 335: 89–94.
|
CrossRef |
[44]
Sorlí ML, Guelar A, Montero M, Gonzalez A, Rodriguez E, Knobel H.
Chronic kidney disease prevalence and risk factors among HIV-infected patients.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008
; 48: 506–8.
|
CrossRef |
[45]
Odden MC, Scherzer R, Bacchetti P, Szczech LA, Sidney S, Grunfeld C,
et al
Cystatin C level as a marker of kidney function in human immunodeficiency virus infection: the FRAM study.
Arch Intern Med 2007
; 167: 2213–9.
|
CrossRef |
[46]
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, De Wit S, Sedlacek D, Beniowski M,
et al
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients.
AIDS 2010
; 24: 1667–78.
|
CrossRef |
[47]
Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR, Baker JV, Calmy A, Duprez D, La Rosa A,
et al
Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection.
J Infect Dis 2010
; 201: 1788–95.
|
CrossRef |
[48]
Kalayjian RC, Franceschini N, Gupta SK, Szczech LA, Mupere E, Bosch RJ,
et al
Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell counts and chronic kidney disease.
AIDS 2008
; 22: 481–7.
|
CrossRef |
[49]
Reid A, Stohr W, Walker AS, Williams IG, Kityo C, Hughes P,
et al
Severe renal dysfunction and risk factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected adults in Africa initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Clin Infect Dis 2008
; 46: 1271–81.
|
CrossRef |
[50]
Choi AI, Shlipak MG, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Deeks SG.
HIV-infected persons continue to lose kidney function despite successful antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 2143–9.
|
CrossRef |
[51]
Wever K, van Agtmael MA, Carr A.
Incomplete reversibility of tenofovir-related renal toxicity in HIV-infected men.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010
; 55: 78–81.
|
CrossRef |
[52]
Campbell LJ, Hamzah L, Post FA.
Is tenofovir-related renal toxicity incompletely reversible?
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011
; 56: e95.
|
CrossRef |
[53]
Szczech LA, Gange SJ, van der Horst C, Bartlett JA, Young M, Cohen MH,
et al
Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection.
Kidney Int 2002
; 61: 195–202.
|
CrossRef |
[54]
Gardner LI, Holmberg SD, Williamson JM, Szczech LA, Carpenter CC, Rompalo AM,
et al
Development of proteinuria or elevated serum creatinine and mortality in HIV-infected women.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003
; 32: 203–9.
[55]
Szczech LA, Grunfeld C, Scherzer R, Canchola JA, van der Horst C, Sidney S,
et al
Microalbuminuria in HIV infection.
AIDS 2007
; 21: 1003–9.
|
CrossRef |
[56]
Gupta SK, Smurzynski M, Franceschini N, Bosch RJ, Szczech LA, Kalayjian RC.
The effects of HIV type-1 viral suppression and non-viral factors on quantitative proteinuria in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.
Antivir Ther 2009
; 14: 543–9.
[57]
Wyatt CM, Hoover DR, Shi Q, Seaberg E, Wei C, Tien PC,
et al
Microalbuminuria is associated with all-cause and AIDS mortality in women with HIV infection.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010
; 55: 73–7.
[58]
George E, Lucas GM, Nadkarni GN, Fine DM, Moore R, Atta MG.
Kidney function and the risk of cardiovascular events in HIV-1-infected patients.
AIDS 2010
; 24: 387–94.
|
CrossRef |
[59]
Choi AI, Li Y, Deeks SG, Grunfeld C, Volberding PA, Shlipak MG.
Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons.
Circulation 2010
; 121: 651–8.
|
CrossRef |
[60]
Labarga P, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, Rodriguez-Novoa S, Solera C, Medrano J,
et al
Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 689–96.
|
CrossRef |
[61]
Izzedine H, Hulot JS, Villard E, Goyenvalle C, Dominguez S, Ghosn J,
et al
Association between
ABCC2 gene haplotypes and tenofovir-induced proximal tubulopathy.
J Infect Dis 2006
; 194: 1481–91.
|
CrossRef |
[62]
Rodríguez-Nóvoa S, Labarga P, Soriano V, Egan D, Albalater M, Morello J,
et al
Predictors of kidney tubular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with tenofovir: a pharmacogenetic study.
Clin Infect Dis 2009
; 48: e108–16.
|
CrossRef |
[63]
Rodríguez-Nóvoa S, Labarga P, D’Avolio A, Barreiro P, Albalate M, Vispo E,
et al
Impairment in kidney tubular function in patients receiving tenofovir is associated with higher tenofovir plasma concentrations.
AIDS 2010
; 24: 1064–6.
|
CrossRef |
[64]
Ray AS, Cihlar T, Robinson KL, Tong L, Vela JE, Fuller MD,
et al
Mechanism of active renal tubular efflux of tenofovir.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006
; 50: 3297–304.
|
CrossRef |
[65]
Ray AS, Cihlar T.
Unlikely association of multidrug-resistance protein 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with tenofovir-induced renal adverse events.
J Infect Dis 2007
; 195: 1389–90, author reply 90–1.
|
CrossRef |
[66]
Fux C, Hasse B, Opravil M, Cavassini M, Calmy A, Gurtner-delaFuente V,
et al. Bone turnover, and in particular osteoclast activity, is increased in patients with confirmed proximal renal tubulopathy within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 16–19 2010; San Francisco, CA, USA.
[67]
Hall AM, Edwards SG, Lapsley M, Connolly JO, Chetty K, O’Farrell S,
et al
Subclinical tubular injury in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional analysis.
Am J Kidney Dis 2009
; 54: 1034–42.
|
CrossRef |
[68]
Woodward CL, Hall AM, Williams IG, Madge S, Copas A, Nair D,
et al
Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity.
HIV Med 2009
; 10: 482–7.
|
CrossRef |
[69]
Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, Morris A, Hoffman R, Braden G.
Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions.
Clin Infect Dis 2006
; 42: 283–90.
|
CrossRef |
[70]
Parsonage MJ, Wilkins EG, Snowden N, Issa BG, Savage MW.
The development of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia with myopathy in two patients with HIV infection receiving tenofovir therapy.
HIV Med 2005
; 6: 341–6.
|
CrossRef |
[71]
Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, Rodriguez RA,
et al
Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis 2005
; 40: 1559–85.
|
CrossRef |
[72]
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Tenofovir SPC. Summary of product characteristics: Viread 245 mg film-coated tablets. Surrey: Electronic Medicines Compendium; 2010. Available online at:
http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/9008 [verified March 2011].
[73]
Day SL, Leake Date HA, Bannister A, Hankins M, Fisher M.
Serum hypophosphatemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate recipients is multifactorial in origin, questioning the utility of its monitoring in clinical practice.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005
; 38: 301–4.
[74]
Post FA, Wyatt CM, Mocroft A.
Biomarkers of impaired renal function.
Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010
; 5: 524–30.
|
CrossRef |
[75]
Bagnis CI, Deray G.
Renal consequences of HIV and HIV therapy.
Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2007
; 2: 314–7.
|
CrossRef |
[76]
Tourret J, Tostivint I, Tezenas Du Montcel S, Karie S, Launay-Vacher V, Vigneau C,
et al
Antiretroviral drug dosing errors in HIV-infected patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Clin Infect Dis 2007
; 45: 779–84.
|
CrossRef |
[77]
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Atazanavir SPC. Summary of product characteristics: Reyataz 150 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg hard capsules. Surrey: Electronic Medicines Compendium; 2010. Available online at:
http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/14145 [verified March 2011].
[78]
Davies DF, Shock NW.
Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males.
J Clin Invest 1950
; 29: 496–507.
|
CrossRef |
[79]
Hoang K, Tan JC, Derby G, Blouch KL, Masek M, Ma I,
et al
Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans.
Kidney Int 2003
; 64: 1417–24.
|
CrossRef |
[80]
Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY.
Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization.
N Engl J Med 2004
; 351: 1296–305.
|
CrossRef |
[81]
Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, Ritz E, Amann K.
Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension.
N Engl J Med 2003
; 348: 101–8.
|
CrossRef |
[82]
Zhou XJ, Rakheja D, Yu X, Saxena R, Vaziri ND, Silva FG.
The aging kidney.
Kidney Int 2008
; 74: 710–20.
|
CrossRef |
[83]
Kaplan C, Pasternack B, Shah H, Gallo G.
Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys.
Am J Pathol 1975
; 80: 227–34.
[84]
Jung FF, Kennefick TM, Ingelfinger JR, Vora JP, Anderson S.
Down-regulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the aging rat.
J Am Soc Nephrol 1995
; 5: 1573–80.
[85]
Kaysen GA, Myers BD.
The aging kidney.
Clin Geriatr Med 1985
; 1: 207–22.
[86]
Weidmann P, De Myttenaere-Bursztein S, Maxwell MH, de Lima J.
Effect on aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man.
Kidney Int 1975
; 8: 325–33.
|
CrossRef |
[87]
Cirillo M, Ciacci C, De Santo NG.
Age, renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and serum phosphate levels in adults.
N Engl J Med 2008
; 359: 864–6.
|
CrossRef |
[88]
Lindeman RD.
Assessment of renal function in the old. Special considerations.
Clin Lab Med 1993
; 13: 269–77.
[89]
Mavigner M, Delobel P, Cazabat M, Dubois M, L’Faqihi-Olive FE, Raymond S,
et al
HIV-1 residual viremia correlates with persistent T-cell activation in poor immunological responders to combination antiretroviral therapy.
PLoS ONE 2009
; 4: e7658.
|
CrossRef |
[90]
Deeks SG, Phillips AN.
HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity.
BMJ 2009
; 338: a3172.
|
CrossRef |
[91]
Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, Currier JS, Scherzer R, Biggs ML,
et al
Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 1841–9.
|
CrossRef |
[92]
Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, Kalapus SC, Hoh R, Ganz P,
et al
Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 1059–67.
|
CrossRef |
[93]
Kingsley LA, Cuervo-Rojas J, Munoz A, Palella FJ, Post W, Witt MD,
et al
Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AIDS 2008
; 22: 1589–99.
|
CrossRef |
[94]
Fitch KV, Lo J, Abbara S, Ghoshhajra B, Shturman L, Soni A,
et al
Increased coronary artery calcium score and noncalcified plaque among HIV-infected men: relationship to metabolic syndrome and cardiac risk parameters.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010
; 55: 495–9.
|
CrossRef |
[95]
Baker JV, Duprez D, Rapkin J, Hullsiek KH, Quick H, Grimm R,
et al
Untreated HIV infection and large and small artery elasticity.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009
; 52: 25–31.
|
CrossRef |
[96]
Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, Drummond F, Lane HC,
et al
Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection.
PLoS Med 2008
; 5: e203.
|
CrossRef |
[97]
Smith KY, Patel P, Fine D, Bellos N, Sloan L, Lackey P,
et al
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-matched, multicenter trial of abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir for initial HIV treatment.
AIDS 2009
; 23: 1547–56.
|
CrossRef |
[98]
El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC,
et al
CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment.
N Engl J Med 2006
; 355: 2283–96.
|
CrossRef |
[99]
Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Weber R, Monforte A, El-Sadr W,
et al
Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med 2007
; 356: 1723–35.
|
CrossRef |
[100]
Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, Dabis F,
et al
Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration.
Lancet 2008
; 371: 1417–26.
|
CrossRef |
[101]
Brown TT, Qaqish RB.
Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review.
AIDS 2006
; 20: 2165–74.
|
CrossRef |
[102]
Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H, Grinspoon SK.
Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008
; 93: 3499–504.
|
CrossRef |