References

[1]  Simpson JA, Scholefield JH. Diagnosis and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. BMJ 2011; 343: d6818.
| CrossRef | CAS |

[2]  Jay N. Elements of an anal dysplasia screening program. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011; 22: 465–77.
| CrossRef |

[3]  Leiman G. Anal screening cytology. Cytojournal 2005; 2: 5.
| CrossRef |

[4]  Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Hogeboom CJ, Berry JM, Jay N, Darragh TM. Anal cytology as a screening tool for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14: 415–22.
| CrossRef | CAS |

[5]  Arain S, Walts AE, Thomas P, Bose S. The anal Pap smear: cytomorphology of squamous intraepithelial lesions. Cytojournal 2005; 2: 4.
| CrossRef |

[6]  Moscicki AB, Hills NK, Shiboski S, Darragh TM, Jay N, Powell K, et al Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology in young heterosexual women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 173–8.
| CAS |

[7]  Garcia FU, Haber MM, Butcher J, Sharma M, Nagle D. Increased sensitivity of anal cytology in evaluation of internal compared with external lesions. Acta Cytol 2007; 51: 893–9.
| CrossRef |

[8]  Calore EE, Nadal SR, Manzione CR, Horta SC, Santos RR, Nadal LM. Anal cytology in patients with AIDS. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 260–3.
| CAS |

[9]  Gage JC, Ghosh A, Borgonovo S, Follansbee S, Wentzensen N, Gravitt PE, et al A comparison of Dacron versus flocked nylon swabs for anal cytology specimen collection. Acta Cytol 2011; 55: 364–7.
| CrossRef |

[10]  Roka F, Roka J, Trost A, Schalk H, Zagler C, Kirnbauer R, et al Anal human papillomavirus testing with Digene’s Hybrid Capture 2 using two different sampling methods. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51: 62–6.
| CrossRef |

[11]  Darragh TM, Winkler B. The ABCs of anal-rectal cytology. CAP Today 2004; : 42–50.

[12]  Vajdic CM, Anderson JS, Hillman RJ, Medley G, Grulich AE. Blind sampling is superior to anoscope guided sampling for screening for anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 415–8.
| CrossRef | CAS |

[13]  Cranston RD, Darragh TM, Holly EA, Jay N, Berry JM, Da Costa M, et al Self-collected versus clinician-collected anal cytology specimens to diagnose anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 915–20.
| CrossRef |

[14]  Lampinen TM, Miller ML, Chan K, Anema A, van Niekerk D, Schilder AJ, et al Randomized clinical evaluation of self-screening for anal cancer precursors in men who have sex with men. Cytojournal 2006; 3: 4.
| CrossRef |

[15]  Chin-Hong PV, Berry JM, Cheng SC, Catania JA, Da Costa M, Darragh TM, et al Comparison of patient- and clinician-collected anal cytology samples to screen for human papillomavirus-associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 300–6.

[16]  Gilbert M, Kwag M, Mei W, Rank C, Kropp R, Severini A, et al ManCount Study Team. Feasibility of incorporating self-collected rectal swabs into a community venue-based survey to measure the prevalence of HPV infection in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 964–9.
| CrossRef |

[17]  BC Cancer Agency (BCCA). Cytology: anal specimens, specimen required/supplies. Vancouver: BCCA; 2011. Available online at: www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/labservices/diagcytology/referring/anal/anal_specimen_supplies_collection.htm [verified December 2011].

[18]  University of California. UCSF Anal cancer information: obtaining an anorectal cytology specimen. San Francisco: University of California; 2011. Available online at: www.analcancerinfo.ucsf.edu [verified December 2011].

[19]  Lindsey K, DeCristofaro C, James J. Anal Pap smears: should we be doing them? J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2009; 21: 437–43.
| CrossRef |

[20]  Darragh TM, Jay N, Tupkelewicz BA, Hogeboom CJ, Holly EA, Palefsky JM. Comparison of conventional cytologic smears and ThinPrep preparations from the anal canal. Acta Cytol 1997; 41: 1167–70.
| CrossRef | CAS |

[21]  Sherman ME, Friedman HB, Busseniers AE, Kelly WF, Carner TC, Saah AJ. Cytologic diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia using smears and Cytyc Thin-Preps. Mod Pathol 1995; 8: 270–4.
| CAS |

[22]  Darragh TM, Birdsong GG, Luff RD, Davey DD. Anal–rectal cytology. In: Solomon D, Nayar R, editors. The Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology: definitions, criteria and explanatory notes. 2nd ed. New Work: Springer; 2004. pp.169–175.

[23]  Davey DD, Austin RM, Birdsong G, Buck HW, Cox JT, Darragh TM, et al American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology: ASCCP patient management guidelines: Pap test specimen adequacy and quality indicators. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118: 714–8.
| CrossRef |

[24]  Bakotic WL, Willis D, Birdsong G, Tadros TS. Anal cytology in an HIV-positive population: a retrospective analysis. Acta Cytol 2005; 49: 163–8.
| CrossRef |

[25]  Nadal SR, Horta SH, Calore EE, Nadal LR, Manzione CR. [How far into the anal canal should the brush be introduced for more efficient cytological evaluation?] Rev Assoc Med Bras 2009; 55: 749–51.
| CrossRef |

[26]  Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, Tyring S, El Serag H. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 223–33.
| CrossRef |

[27]  Mathews WC, Cachay ER, Caperna J, Sitapati A, Cosman B, Abramson I. Estimating the accuracy of anal cytology in the presence of an imperfect reference standard. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e12284.
| CrossRef |

[28]  Darragh TM. Anal cytology. In Wilbur DC, Henry MR, editors. College of American Pathologists practical guide to gynecologic cytopathology: morphology, management and molecular methods. Northfield: CAP Press; 2008. pp 171–180.

[29]  Bean SM, Chhieng DC. Anal-rectal cytology: a review. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 538–46.
| CrossRef |

[30]  Berry JM, Palefsky JM, Jay N, Cheng SC, Darragh TM, Chin-Hong PV. Performance characteristics of anal cytology and human papillomavirus testing in patients with high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 239–47.
| CrossRef |

[31]  Salit IE, Lytwyn A, Raboud J, Sano M, Chong S, Diong C, et al The role of cytology (Pap tests) and human papillomavirus testing in anal cancer screening. AIDS 2010; 24: 1307–13.

[32]  Goldstone SE, Enyinna CS, Davis TW. Detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus and other predictors of anal high-grade dysplasia in men who have sex with men with abnormal cytology. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 31–9.
| CrossRef |

[33]  Goldstone SE, Moshier E. Detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus impacts anal screening guidelines in men who have sex with men. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53: 1135–42.
| CrossRef |