Register      Login
The Rangeland Journal The Rangeland Journal Society
Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
RESEARCH ARTICLE

A framework for sustainable rangeland livelihoods

Michael LaFlamme
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia. Email: michael.laflamme@gmail.com

The Rangeland Journal 33(4) 339-351 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ11023
Submitted: 2 May 2011  Accepted: 19 October 2011   Published: 29 November 2011

Abstract

Natural environments around the world shape their human residents, whose land management practices in turn shape their natural environments. The trial-and-error process of learning how to live within a human-environment system is costly for lands and for people. However, groups who have lived in the same type of place over long periods of time have often developed similar practices. For 20 years, sustainable livelihood frameworks have been used to identify those effective practices and to make them clear to others. I developed the Sustainable Rangeland Framework (SRF) by comparing scientific reports, pastoral management plans, Aboriginal experiences and government programs to identify how very different rangeland landholders could work together to benefit our human-environment system. The SRF focuses on ways to build valuable assets. I found that all groups described six similar categories of assets: landscape, biodiversity, flexibility, skill, information and networks. Land managers use their assets to develop strategies that increase sustainability and reduce vulnerability to risk. The SRF helps land managers visualise how each decision balances productivity and vulnerability in the context of ecological, economic and social variability. I provide a set of six measures for groups to evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies in building stronger assets. Because the SRF clarifies the learning process and highlights the benefits of collaboration, rangeland groups can use this model to work together to develop more secure lives in our increasingly unpredictable environment.

Additional keywords: Aboriginal land use, best practice, biodiversity, flexibility, landscape productivity, resilience.


References

Abel, N., Ross, H., and Walker, B. (1998). Mental models in rangeland research, communication and management. The Rangeland Journal 20, 77–91.
Mental models in rangeland research, communication and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Aboriginal Land Commissioner (1999). ‘Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 Land Claim Reports, to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and the Minister for the Northern Territory, 1976–1999.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)

ANZECC and ARMCANZ (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand). (1999). ‘National Principles and Guidelines for Rangeland Management.’ (ARMCANZ: Canberra.)

Armitage, D. R., Plummer, R., Berkes, F., Arthur, R. I., Charles, A. T., Davidson-Hunt, I. J., Diduck, A. P., Doubleday, N. C., Johnson, D. S., Marschke, M., McConney, P., Pinkerton, E. W., and Wollenberg, E. K. (2009). Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7, 95–102.
Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Austin-Broos, D. (2003). Places, practices and things: the articulation of Arrernte kinship with welfare and work. American Ethnologist 30, 118–135.
Places, practices and things: the articulation of Arrernte kinship with welfare and work.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baker, L. M., and Mutitjulu Community, (1992). Comparing two views of the landscape: Aboriginal traditional ecological knowledge and modern scientific knowledge. The Rangeland Journal 14, 174–189.
Comparing two views of the landscape: Aboriginal traditional ecological knowledge and modern scientific knowledge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bardon, G., and Bardon, J. (2004). ‘Papunya, a Place Made After the Story.’ (Melbourne University Publishing – Miegunyah Press: Melbourne.)

Bastin, G., and ACRIS Management Committee (2008) Rangelands 2008 – Taking the Pulse. Australian Collaborative Rangeland Information System: Reporting Change in the Rangelands.’ Published on behalf of the ACRIS Management Committee. (The National Land and Water Resources Audit: Canberra.)

Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10, 1251–1262.
Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bestelmeyer, B. T. (2006). Threshold concepts and their use in rangeland management and restoration: the good, the bad, and the insidious. Restoration Ecology 14, 325–329.
Threshold concepts and their use in rangeland management and restoration: the good, the bad, and the insidious.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bird, D. W., Bird, R. B., and Parker, C. H. (2005). Aboriginal burning regimes and hunting strategies in Australia’s Western Desert. Human Ecology 33, 443–464.
Aboriginal burning regimes and hunting strategies in Australia’s Western Desert.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bourgon, J. (2008). The future of public service: a search for a new balance. The Australian Journal of Public Administration 67, 390–404.
The future of public service: a search for a new balance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Buhrich, A. (2010). Climate change and indigenous communities. Literature Review (unpubl. report). In: ‘Understanding Climate, Adapting to Change: Indigenous Community Understandings of Climate and Future Climate Change Impacts in North Qld’. (Eds S. McIntyre-Tamwoy and M. Fuary.) (James Cook University: Cairns.) Available at: www.eprints.jcu.edu.au/11875/1/Cimate_change_LITERATURE_REVIEW.pdf (accessed 8 November 2011)

Chambers, R., and Conway, G. (1991). ‘Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century.’ Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper, No. 296. (Institute of Development Studies: Brighton.)

Davies, J. (2007). ‘Walking Together, Working Together: Aboriginal Research Partnerships.’ Research Report 26. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Davies, J., White, J., Wright, A., Maru, Y., and LaFlamme, M. (2008). Applying the sustainable livelihoods approach in Australian desert Aboriginal development. The Rangeland Journal 30, 55–66.
Applying the sustainable livelihoods approach in Australian desert Aboriginal development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Davies, J., Campbell, D., Campbell, M., Douglas, J., Hueneke, H., LaFlamme, M., Pearson, D., Preuss, K., Walker, J., and Walsh, F. (2011). Attention to four key principles can promote health outcomes from desert Aboriginal land management. The Rangeland Journal 33, 417–431.

Demenocal, P. B., Cook, E. R., Demeritt, D., Hornborg, A., Kirch, P. V., McElreath, R., and Tainter, J. A. (2005). Perspectives on Diamond’s Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed. Current Anthropology 46, S91–S99.
Perspectives on Diamond’s Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dobson, V., Walsh, F., and Douglas, J. (2008). ‘Anpernirrentye: Relationships between bush foods, creation laws, people, country and all things, illustrated by three plants.’ Video. Available at: http://desertknowledgecrcmedia.com.au/media/anpernirrentye_12_min.html (accessed 19 October 2011).

Edwards, G. P., Allan, G. E., Brock, C., Duguid, A., Gabrys, K., and Vaarzon-Morel, P. (2008). Fire and its management in central Australia. The Rangeland Journal 30, 109–121.
Fire and its management in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fararo, T. (2003). Theoretical Sociology in the 20th Century. Journal of Social Structure 2, 1–28.

Fisher, S. (2001). ‘A Livelihood Less Ordinary: Applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach in the Australian Indigenous Context. A Report.’ (Centre for Appropriate Technology: Alice Springs.)

Foran, B. D. (2007). Sifting the future from the past: a personal assessment of trends impacting the Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 29, 3–11.
Sifting the future from the past: a personal assessment of trends impacting the Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gill, N. (2003). Environmental (Re)education and local environmental knowledge: statutory ground-based monitoring and pastoral culture in central Australia. The Rangeland Journal 25, 85–104.
Environmental (Re)education and local environmental knowledge: statutory ground-based monitoring and pastoral culture in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gill, N. (2005a). Life and death in Australian ‘heartlands’: pastoralism, ecology and rethinking the outback. Journal of Rural Studies 21, 39–53.
Life and death in Australian ‘heartlands’: pastoralism, ecology and rethinking the outback.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gill, N. (2005b). Aboriginal pastoralism, social embeddedness and cultural continuity in Central Australia. Society & Natural Resources 18, 699–714.
Aboriginal pastoralism, social embeddedness and cultural continuity in Central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Griffiths, T. (2001). One hundred years of environmental crisis. The Rangeland Journal 23, 5–14.
One hundred years of environmental crisis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gunderson, L. (1999). Resilience, flexibility and adaptive management – antidotes for spurious certitude? Conservation Ecology 3, 7.

Harmon, D., and Maffi, L. (2002). Are linguistic and biological diversity linked? Conservation Biology In Practice 3, 2–3.

Hogan, M. (2006). ‘Kanyini.’ DVD. (Reverb Films: Sydney.)

Holcombe, S. (2009). ‘Guidelines for Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Management (including archiving and repatriation).’ Component 1 (of 3). (The Australian Government and the Northern Territory Government: Alice Springs.)

Hussein, K. (2002). ‘Livelihoods approaches compared: a multi-agency review of current practice.’ (Institute of Development Studies: Brighton.) Available at: www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0812/LAC.pdf (accessed 20 October 2011).

James, D. M. (2005). Kinship with Country. PhD Thesis, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia.

Josif, P., Ashley, M., and Bubb, A. (2009). ‘Review of Indigenous Employment and Engagement in the Northern Pastoral Industry 2007.’ Final Report, NBP.232. (Meat and Livestock Australia: North Sydney.)

King, E. G., and Hobbs, R. J. (2006). Identifying linkages among conceptual models of ecosystem degradation and restoration: towards an integrative framework. Restoration Ecology 14, 369–378.
Identifying linkages among conceptual models of ecosystem degradation and restoration: towards an integrative framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

LaFlamme, M. (2007). Developing a shared model for sustainable Aboriginal livelihoods in natural-cultural resource management. In: ‘Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustainability’. (Eds L. Oxley and D Kulasiri.) Available at: http://mssanz.org.au/MODSIM07/papers/5_s45/DevelopingAShared_s45_LaFlamme.pdf (accessed 19 October 2011).

LaFlamme, M. (2009). ‘Sustainable Desert Livelihoods: A Cross-Cultural Framework.’ Working Paper 69. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

LaFlamme, M. (2010). ‘Stories in Land: Sustaining Culture and Country Together.’ Research Publication 10/24. (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Barton.)

LaFlamme, M. (2011). ‘Learning Journeys: Seven Steps to Stronger Remote Communities.’ Research Report 77. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Laliberte, E., Wells, J. A., DeClerck, F., Metcalfe, D. J., Catterall, C. P., Queiroz, C., Aubin, I., Bonser, S. P., Ding, Y., Fraterrigo, J. M., McNamara, S., Morgan, J. W., Sanchez, D., Merlos, D., Vesk, P. A., and Mayfield, M. M. (2010). Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities. Ecology Letters 13, 76–86.
Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Leigo, S. L. (2011). ‘Precision pastoral management tools.’ Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation. Available at: http://crc-rep.com/research/enterprise-development/precision-pastoral-management-tools (accessed 8 November 2011).

Lillecrapp, D. (2010). A landholder’s perspective of land restoration on Todmorden Station, Oodnadatta, SA. In: ‘Rain on the Rangelands. Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society’. Bourke. (Eds D. J. Eldridge and C. Waters.) (Australian Rangeland Society: Perth.) Available at: www.austrangesoc.com.au/userfiles/file/2010_ARS_conf/Douglas%20Lillecrapp%20new.pdf

Long, S., and Memmott, P. (2007). ‘Aboriginal Mobility and the Sustainability of Communities: Case Studies from North-west Queensland and Eastern Northern Territory.’ Working Paper 5. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Lovett, S., Lambert, J., Williams, J. E., and Price, P. (2008). ‘Restoring landscapes with confidence — an evaluation of the science, the methods and their on-ground application.’ Final Report. (Land & Water Australia: Canberra.)

Ludwig, J. A., Bastin, G. N., Chewings, V. H., Eager, R. W., and Liedloff, A. C. (2007). Leakiness: a new index for monitoring the health of arid and semiarid landscapes using remotely sensed vegetation cover and elevation data. Ecological Indicators 7, 442–454.
Leakiness: a new index for monitoring the health of arid and semiarid landscapes using remotely sensed vegetation cover and elevation data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lunney, D. (2001). Causes of the extinction of native mammals of the Western Division of New South Wales: an ecological interpretation of the nineteenth century historical record. The Rangeland Journal 23, 44–70.
Causes of the extinction of native mammals of the Western Division of New South Wales: an ecological interpretation of the nineteenth century historical record.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maclean, K. (2009). Re-conceptualising desert landscapes: unpacking historical narratives and contemporary realities for sustainable livelihood development in central Australia. GeoJournal 74, 451–463.
Re-conceptualising desert landscapes: unpacking historical narratives and contemporary realities for sustainable livelihood development in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Marshall, G. R. (2008). Nesting, subsidiarity, and community-based environmental governance beyond the local level. International Journal of the Commons 2, 75–97.

Marshall, N. A., Friedel, M., van Klinken, R. D., and Grice, A. C. (2011). Considering the social dimension of invasive species: the case of buffel grass. Environmental Science & Policy 14, 327–338.
Considering the social dimension of invasive species: the case of buffel grass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McAllister, R. R. J., Holcombe, S., Davies, J., Cleary, J., Boyle, A., Tremblay, P., Stafford Smith, D. M., Rockstroh, D., LaFlamme, M., Young, M., and Rola-Rubzen, M. F. (2011). Desert networks: a conceptual model for the impact of scarce, variable and patchy resources. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 164–173.
Desert networks: a conceptual model for the impact of scarce, variable and patchy resources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McKeon, G., Hall, W., Henry, B., Stone, G., and Watson, I. (2004). ‘Pasture Degradation and Recovery in Australia’s Rangelands: Learning from History.’ (Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Brisbane.)

MEA (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment) (2008). ‘Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis.’ (World Resources Institute: Washington, DC.)

Measham, T., Richards, C., Robinson, C. J., Larson, S., and Brake, L. (2011). Genuine community engagement in remote dryland regions: natural resource management in the Lake Eyre Basin. Geographical Research 49, 171–182.
Genuine community engagement in remote dryland regions: natural resource management in the Lake Eyre Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

MLA (Meat and Livestock Australia) (2008). Natural Resource Management Workshops. Available at: www.mla.com.au/TopicHierarchy/InformationCentre/Learning/Producertraining/NaturalResourceManagement/Default.htm (accessed 20 October 2011).

Mole, A. (2010). Grass key to cattle success. Weekly Times Now. 20 October 2010.

Moran, M., Wright, A., Renehan, P., Szava, A., Rich, E., and Beard, N. (2007). ‘The Transformation of Assets for Sustainable Livelihoods in a Remote Aboriginal Settlement.’ Research Report 28. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Morton, S. R., Stafford Smith, D. M., Dickman, C. R., Dunkerley, D. L., Friedel, M. H., McAllister, R. R. J., Reid, J. R. W., Roshier, D. A., Smith, M. A., Walsh, F. J., Wardlec, G. A., Watson, I. W., and Westoby, M. (2011). A fresh framework for the ecology of arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 313–329.
A fresh framework for the ecology of arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Myers, F. (1991). ‘Pintupi Country, Pintupi Self: Sentiment, Place and Politics among Western Desert Aborigines.’ (University of California Press: Berkeley.)

NRETAS (2011a). Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport. Joint Management. Available at: www.nt.gov.au/nreta/parks/manage/joint/index.html (accessed 20 October 2011).

NRETAS (2011b). Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport. Developing Joint Management. Available at: www.nt.gov.au/nreta/parks/manage/joint/develop.html (accessed 20 October 2011).

Okin, G. S., Parsons, A. J., Wainwright, J., Herrick, J. E., Bestelmeyer, B. T., Peters, D. C., and Fredrickson, E. L. (2009). Do changes in connectivity explain desertification? Bioscience 59, 237–244.
Do changes in connectivity explain desertification?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pawu-Kurlpurlurnu, W. J., Holmes, M., and Box, L. (2008). ‘Ngurra-kurlu: A Way of Working with Warlpiri People.’ Research Report 41. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Petheram, L., Zander, K. K., Campbell, B. M., High, C., and Stacey, N. (2010). ‘Strange changes’: Indigenous perspectives of climate change and adaptation in NE Arnhem Land (Australia). Global Environmental Change 20, 681–692.
‘Strange changes’: Indigenous perspectives of climate change and adaptation in NE Arnhem Land (Australia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Posey, D. A., and United Nations Environment Program (1999). ‘Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity.’ (United Nations Environment Programme and Intermediate Publications: Nairobi.)

Purvis, B. (2004). Practical biodiversity. In: ‘Living in the Outback. Conference Papers, Australian Rangeland Society 13th Biennial Conference’. Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 5–8 July 2004. (Eds G. N. Bastin, D. Walsh and S. Nicolson.) pp. 305–306. (Australian Rangeland Society: Perth.)

Reynolds, J. F., and Stafford Smith, D. M. (2002). ‘Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?’ Dahlem Workshop Report 88. (Dahlem University Press: Berlin.)

Reynolds, J. F., Stafford Smith, D. M., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore, M., Batterbury, S. P. J., Downing, T. E., Dowlatabadi, H., Fernández, R. J., Herrick, J. E., Huber-Sannwald, E., Jiang, H., Leemans, R., Lynam, T., Maestre, F. T., Ayarza, M., and Walker, B. (2007). Global desertification: building a science for dryland development. Science 316, 847–851.
Global desertification: building a science for dryland development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltVentb4%3D&md5=018f90d7d2454294a01833840e5cb037CAS |

Rose, D. (1992). ‘Dingo Makes Us Human.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Rose, D. (1996). ‘Nourishing Terrains Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness.’ (Australian Heritage Commission: Canberra.)

Rowland, P. (2009). ‘National Inventory of Environmental Management Systems in Australian Agriculture.’ RIRDC Publication No. 09/054. (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Barton.)

Sabine, E., Schreiber, G., Bearlin, A. R., Nicol, S. J., and Todd, C. R. (2004). Adaptive management: a synthesis of current understanding and effective application. Ecological Management & Restoration 5, 177–182.
Adaptive management: a synthesis of current understanding and effective application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sallur, N. M., Weier, L. Z., Pahl, L. I., Holmes, S. B., and Yeomans, C. S. (2007). EMS in the pastoral industries of western Queensland: from customisation to implementation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 284–293.
EMS in the pastoral industries of western Queensland: from customisation to implementation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Scoones, I. (1998). ‘Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: a Framework For Analysis.’ IDS Working Paper 72. (Institute for Development Studies: Brighton.)

Scott, G. (2004). ‘A Bibliography of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge in Northern Australia.’ (School of Australian Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Charles Darwin University: Darwin.)

Sithole, B. (2007). ‘Aboriginal Natural Resource Management: An Integrated Assessment Framework.’ (CSIRO: Darwin.)

Stafford Smith, M., and Ash, A. (2007). ‘High Conservation Values in the Rangelands.’ Research Report 19. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Stafford Smith, M., and Cribb, J. (2009). ‘Dry Times: Blueprint for a Red Land.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Stafford Smith, M., and McAllister, R. R. J. (2008). Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability – an approach from first principles. The Rangeland Journal 30, 15–27.
Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability – an approach from first principles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stafford Smith, M., McKeon, G. M., Watson, I. W., Henry, B. K., Stone, G. S., Hall, W. B., and Howden, S. M. (2007). Learning from episodes of degradation and recovery in variable Australian rangelands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 20690–20695.
Learning from episodes of degradation and recovery in variable Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stafford Smith, D. M., Moran, M., and Seeman, K. (2008). The ‘viability’ and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia. The Rangeland Journal 30, 123–135.
The ‘viability’ and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stoffle, R. W., Toupal, R. S., and Zedeño, M. N. (2003). Landscape, nature, and culture: a diachronic model of human-nature adaptations. In: ‘Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures’. (Ed. H. Selin.) pp. 97–114. (Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht.)

Sutton, P. (1988). ‘Dreamings: The Art of Aboriginal Australia.’ (George Braziller/Asia Society Galleries: New York.)

Tinley, K., and Pringle, H. (2007). Key principles and steps in catchment repair in arid rangelands. Australian Rangeland Society. Range Management Newsletter 7, 4–5.

Turner, M. K. (2005). ‘Everything Comes from the Land.’ Poster. (IAD Press: Alice Springs.)

Turner, M. K. (2010). ‘Iwenhe Tyerrtye: What it means to be an Aboriginal Person.’ (IAD Press: Alice Springs.)

United Nations (1983). ‘Process of preparation of the Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond.’ General Assembly Resolution 38/161, 19 December 1983. Available at: www.un.org/documents/ga/res/38/a38r161.htm (accessed 19 October 2011).

United Nations (1987). ‘Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future.’ United Nations General Assembly, Annex to document A/42. Available at: www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm (accessed 19 October 2011).

URS (2007). ‘ACRIS – Reporting Environmental Change on Indigenous Lands.’ 028/0607DEH-RGQ. (Department of Environment and Heritage: Parkes.)

Veth, P. (2004). Conclusion: major themes and future research directions. In: ‘Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives’. (Eds P. Veth, M. Smith and P. Hiscock.) pp. 293–300. (Blackwell: Malden.)

Walsh, D. (2006). ‘Innovation & Integration: EMS in the Central Australian Pastoral Industry.’ National Pilot Program for Environmental Management Systems in Agriculture. (Natural Heritage Trust: Canberra.)

Walsh, D. (2009a). Conservative stocking in central Australia: Lyndavale Station, NT. DKCRC Working Paper, The Central Australian Grazing Strategies Project Working Paper Series. 50. Available at: www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications (accessed 8 October 2011).

Walsh, D. (2009b). A cow rotation in the Gascoyne: Mt Augustus, WA. DKCRC Working Paper, The Central Australian Grazing Strategies Project Working Paper Series. 58. Available at: www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications (accessed 8 October 2011).

Walsh, D. (2009c). An extended rest grazing system in central Australia: Narwietooma Station, NT. DKCRC Working Paper, The Central Australian Grazing Strategies Project Working Paper Series. 51. Available at: www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications (accessed 8 October 2011).

Williams, N. (1993). Aboriginal decision making and native title. In: ‘Native Title: An Opportunity for Understanding’. UWA, Nedlands, W. Aust. (Ed. F. McKeown.) pp. 109–114. (National Native Title Tribunal: Perth.)