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Australian Systematic Botany Australian Systematic Botany Society
Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of plants
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Gender-bending aubergines: molecular phylogenetics of cryptically dioecious Solanum in Australia

Christopher T. Martine A C , Gregory J. Anderson B and Donald H. Les B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA.

B Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA.

C Corresponding author. Email: christopher.martine@plattsburgh.edu

Australian Systematic Botany 22(2) 107-120 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB07039
Submitted: 17 August 2007  Accepted: 29 January 2009   Published: 30 April 2009

Abstract

The causes, consequences and correlates of dioecy have been the subject of much discussion since the days of Darwin. Several recent authors have stressed the importance of informing this body of theory, with studies focusing on lineages in which both dioecy and hermaphroditism are present. The genus Solanum is an ideal group for analysis, because dioecy, hermaphroditism and potential unisexual transitions (e.g. andromonoecy) among them all occur. Phylogenetic hypotheses are presented for the Australian species in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (the ‘spiny solanums’) section Melongena, which contains 10 of the 14 currently described dioecious species in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and trnKmatK gene regions supports a single origin of dioecy from andromonoecy in Australian Solanum. The causes, mechanisms, and maintenance of dioecy in Australian Solanum are explored, including the role of past climate change in the establishment of centres of endemism.


Acknowledgements

The authors thank David E. Symon for providing specimens, discussion and advice; Nicholas Tippery, Norm Wickett, Hilary McManus and Michael Moody for help with laboratory-based aspects of this work; David E. Symon, William R. Barker, Hellmut Toelken and Kym Brennan for extensive field assistance; and Kent Holsinger, Bernard Goffinet, Brigid O’Donnell, Steve Langdon and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the National Geographic Society, the Elizabeth DeViney Foundation, the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, the Botanical Society of America, the University of Connecticut Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, the University of Connecticut Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Sigma Xi, PBI Solanum, and the US National Science Foundation.


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Appendix 1.  List of herbarium vouchers for specimens used for DNA extraction and amplification of the trnKmatK region, plus GenBank accession codes [in brackets]
DNA codes beginning with ‘C’ are deposited at CONN. DNA codes beginning with ‘AU’ are from sheets held at AD and loaned to CTM at CONN. See Martine et al. (2006) for voucher information for ITS sequences
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Appendix 2.  Primers used to amplify the trnKmatK region
All primer dilutions made from stock held in the Les Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut. Primers designed by Don Les (DL codes) or Nic Tippery (NT codes), unless noted otherwise
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