Register      Login
International Journal of Wildland Fire International Journal of Wildland Fire Society
Journal of the International Association of Wildland Fire
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Values of the public at risk of wildfire and its management

Kathryn J. H. Williams A B , Rebecca M. Ford A and Andrea Rawluk A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010.

B Corresponding author. Email: kjhw@unimelb.edu.au

International Journal of Wildland Fire 27(10) 665-676 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18038
Submitted: 19 March 2018  Accepted: 10 August 2018   Published: 31 August 2018

Journal compilation © IAWF 2018 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Wildfire management agencies increasingly seek to understand what the public values and expects to be protected from wildfire and its management. Recent conceptual development demonstrates the utility of considering values at three levels of abstraction: localised valued entities such as people, places and objects; valued attributes of communities and landscapes; and core values, or ideals that guide in life. We used a large-scale survey (n = 1105) in Victoria, Australia, to test and extend this framework. The results confirm the usefulness of the conceptual framework and demonstrate that values that members of the public consider at risk of wildfire are much more diverse than those typically considered in wildfire risk management. Relationships between values at different levels of abstraction are meaningful and reveal the multiple ways that objects, places and people become valued. The research suggests ways to understand and practically incorporate values of the public in wildfire management.

Additional keywords: assets, core values, valued attributes, valued entities.


References

Anderson N, Ford RM, Bennett L, Nitschke C, Williams KJH Core values underpin the attributes of forests that matter to people. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Management in press. doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpy022

Beilin R, Reid K (2015) It’s not a ‘thing’ but a ‘place’: reconceptualising ‘assets’ in the context of fire risk landscapes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, 130–137.
It’s not a ‘thing’ but a ‘place’: reconceptualising ‘assets’ in the context of fire risk landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bengston DN (1994) Changing forest values and ecosystem management. Society & Natural Resources 7, 515–533.
Changing forest values and ecosystem management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bengston DN, Xu Z (1995) Changing national forest values: a content analysis. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-323. (St Paul, MN).

Bosomworth K (2015) Climate change adaptation in public policy: frames, fire management, and frame reflection. Environment and Planning. C, Government & Policy 33, 1450–1466.
Climate change adaptation in public policy: frames, fire management, and frame reflection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bosomworth K, Own C, Curnin S (2017) Addressing challenges for future strategic-level emergency management: reframing, networking, and capacity-building. Disasters 41, 306–323.
Addressing challenges for future strategic-level emergency management: reframing, networking, and capacity-building.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown TC (1984) The concept of value in resource allocation. Land Economics 60, 231–246.
The concept of value in resource allocation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burtz R, Bright A (2014) Value orientations and attitudes toward wildfire management: an exploration of integrative complexity. International Journal of Sociology Study 2, 1–9.

Chan KMA, Balvanera P, Benessaiah K, Chapman M, Díaz S, Gómez-Baggethun E, Gould R, Hannahs N, Jax K, Klain S, Luck GW, Martín-López G, Muraca B, Norton B, Ott K, Pascual U, Satterfield T, Tadaki M, Taggart J, Turner N (2016) Opinion: why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 1462–1465.
Opinion: why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Creswell J, Piano Clark V (2007) ‘Designing and conducting mixed-methods research.’ (Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA)

de Groot J, Steg L (2008) Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior: how to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations. Environment and Behavior 40, 330–354.
Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior: how to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Demski C, Butler C, Parkhill KA, Spence A, Pidgeon NF (2015) Public values for energy system change. Global Environmental Change 34, 59–69.
Public values for energy system change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2015) Safer together: a new approach to reducing the risk of bushfire in Victoria. (State Government of Victoria: Melbourne, Vic., Australia).

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2012) Code of Practice for bushfire management on public land. (State Government of Victoria: Melbourne, Vic., Australia).

Ford RM, Williams KJ, Bishop ID, Webb TJ (2009) A value basis for the social acceptability of clearfelling in Tasmania, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 90, 196–206.
A value basis for the social acceptability of clearfelling in Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ford RM, Anderson NM, Nitschke C, Bennett LT, Williams KJH (2017) Psychological values and cues as a basis for developing socially relevant criteria and indicators for forest management. Forest Policy and Economics 78, 141–150.
Psychological values and cues as a basis for developing socially relevant criteria and indicators for forest management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Graham S, Barnett J, Fincher R, Hurlimann A, Mortreux C, Waters E (2013) The social values at risk from sea-level rise. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 41, 45–52.
The social values at risk from sea-level rise.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC (2006) ‘Multivariate data analysis’, 6 edn (Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA)

Ingalsbee T (2017) Whither the paradigm shift? Large wildland fires and the wildfire paradox offer opportunities for a new paradigm of ecological fire management. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, 557–561.
Whither the paradigm shift? Large wildland fires and the wildfire paradox offer opportunities for a new paradigm of ecological fire management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ives CD, Kendal D (2014) The role of social values in the management of ecological systems. Journal of Environmental Management 144, 67–72.
The role of social values in the management of ecological systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jones R, Young C, Symons J (2015) Mapping values and risks of natural hazards at geographic and institutional scales: framework development. Report no. 338.2017. (Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre: Melbourne, Vic., Australia).

Kendal D, Ford RM, Anderson NM, Farrar A (2015) The VALS: a new tool to measure people’s general valued attributes of landscapes. Journal of Environmental Management 163, 224–233.
The VALS: a new tool to measure people’s general valued attributes of landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kenter JO (2016) Editorial: shared, plural and cultural values. Ecosystem Services 21, 175–183.
Editorial: shared, plural and cultural values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loomis J, Gonzalescaban A (1994) Estimating the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest – a contingent valuation approach. International Journal of Wildland Fire 4, 209–216.
Estimating the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest – a contingent valuation approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maslow AH (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50, 370–396.
A theory of human motivation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McIntyre N, Moore J, Yuan M (2008) A place-based, values-centered approach to managing recreation on Canadian Crown lands. Society & Natural Resources 21, 657–670.

Menictas C, Wang P, Fine B (2011) Assessing flat-lining response style bias in online research. Australasian Journal of Market & Social Research 19, 34–44.

Morehouse BJ, O’Brien S, Christopherson G, Johnson P (2010) Integrating values and risk perceptions into a decision-support system. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 123–136.
Integrating values and risk perceptions into a decision-support system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neale T (2016) Burning anticipation: wildfire, risk mitigation and simulation modelling in Victoria, Australia. Environment and Planning A. Economy and Space 48, 2026–2045.
Burning anticipation: wildfire, risk mitigation and simulation modelling in Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

O’Brien EA (2003) Human values and their importance to the development of forestry policy in Britain: a literature review. Forestry 76, 3–17.
Human values and their importance to the development of forestry policy in Britain: a literature review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rawluk A, Ford RM, Neolaka FL, Williams KJ (2017) Public values for integration in natural disaster management and planning: a case study from Victoria, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 185, 11–20.
Public values for integration in natural disaster management and planning: a case study from Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwartz SH (2012) An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 2, 1–18.
An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwartz SH, Cieciuch J, Vecchione M, Davidov E, Fischer R, Beierlein C, Ramos A, Verkasalo M, Lönnqvist J-E, Demirutku K, Dirilen-Gumus O, Konty M (2012) Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, 663–688.
Refining the theory of basic individual values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shindler BA, Toman E, McCaffrey SM (2009) Public perspectives of fire, fuels and the Forest Service in the Great Lakes Region: a survey of citizen agency communication and trust. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 157–164.
Public perspectives of fire, fuels and the Forest Service in the Great Lakes Region: a survey of citizen agency communication and trust.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stern PC, Dietz T (1994) The value basis of environmental concern. The Journal of Social Issues 50, 65–84.
The value basis of environmental concern.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2007) ‘Using multivariate statistics’, 5th edn (Allyn & Bacon/Pearson: Boston, MA, USA)

Tadaki M, Sinner J, Chan KMA (2017) Making sense of environmental values: a typology of concepts. Ecology and Society 22, 7
Making sense of environmental values: a typology of concepts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thacher D, Rein M (2004) Managing value conflict in public policy. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions 17, 457–486.
Managing value conflict in public policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thompson MP, Calkin DE (2011) Uncertainty and risk in wildland fire management: a review. Journal of Environmental Management 92, 1895–1909.
Uncertainty and risk in wildland fire management: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Williams KJH, Ford R, Rawluk A (2017) Strategies and tools for incorporating values of the Victorian public in bushfire risk decision-making. (University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)