
%0 Journal Article
%A Miller, J 
%T Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in the Benzene ring and the Hammett Equation
%J Australian Journal of Chemistry
%D 1956/03/01
%V 9
%N 1
%P 61-73
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9560061
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/CH9560061 
%X The Hammett equation as applied to aromatic nuclear electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution is tested for a wide range of substituents. For nucleophilic substitution quite good agreement is obtained for electron-attracting substituents using &#963;* values, but large deviations occur with substituents releasing electrons by the conjugative mechanism. In electrophilic substitution, in so far as results are available, a fair measure of agreement obtains for electron-attracting substituents, but very large and to some extent irregular deviations occur for the conjugative electron- releasing substituents. The deviations occur whether &#963; or &#963;* values are used, and new sets of &#963;N** and &#963;E** values are defined and the values recorded.   A comparison is made of substituent effects in nuclear electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution. 
