
%0 Journal Article
%A Strong, WM 
%A Dalal, RC 
%A Weston, EJ 
%A Cooper, JE 
%A Lehane, KJ 
%A King, AJ 
%A Chicken, CJ 
%T Sustaining productivity of a Vertisol at Warra, Queensland, with fertilisers, no-tillage or legumes. 2. Long-term fertiliser nitrogen needs to enhance wheat yields and grain protein
%J Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
%D 1996/10/01
%V 36
%N 6
%P 665-674
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9960665
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/EA9960665 
%X Cereal production in the summer-dominant rainfall region of Australia, especially the north-east, has relied heavily on natural soil fertility. Continued cereal production has so depleted the fertility of some soils that corrective strategies are required to restore the production of high protein wheat needed for domestic and export markets. Application of nitrogen (N) fertilisers, along with other strategies to improve soil N status, was evaluated between 1987 and 1994 on a Vertisol located in an area of unreliable winter rainfall. Responses of wheat grain yield and protein content to applied N (0-150 kg/ha) under zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) were determined each year, except 1991 when severe drought prevented wheat sowing. The ZT practices increased grain yields, particularly in 1988 and 1992-93 when antecedent soil water supplies were moderate (about 1 m wet soil in 1988 and 1992) or low (about 0.6 m wet soil in 1993), apparently due to increased antecedent soil water. Tillage practice had little effect on available nitrate-N (kg/ha) to 1.5 m, but the greater water supply in ZT soil usually benefited the wheat crop when N was applied. Applying N increased returns from 5 of the 7 crops because of grain yield and/or grain protein responses. Grain yield responses were inconsistent in the year of fertiliser application where no N fertiliser had been applied to preceding crops. Nevertheless, grain protein usually increased with increasing N application at sowing, except in 1994, when drought after sowing prevented secondary root development and fertiliser uptake. Where N was applied with each successive crop, the crops receiving small N applications (0, 12.5 or 25 kg/ha.crop) produced grain of a low protein concentration (<10%) and lower yields (<90% maximum yield) than crops which received larger N applications (75 kg/ha.crop). Profits were substantially reduced where the rate of N applied was insufficient to raise grain protein concentration to >11.5%, due to the low market value of low protein wheat, or because of lower grain yields. Routine N application to crops over the period 1987-94, which included the longest drought (1990-94) in the lifetime of most producers, caused similarly inconsistent grain yield increases but increased grain protein concentrations (>11.5%) in all except the first crop (1987). Increased frequency of high protein wheat and a high anticipated market value of the higher protein grain should encourage greater producer confidence with routine application of N throughout this region. 
