
%0 Journal Article
%A Saint-Marcoux, J-F. 
%A White, C. 
%A Hovde, G.O. 
%T DEEPWATER GAS FIELD PRODUCTION FROM SUBSEA WELLS INTO COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS CARRIERS THROUGH A HYBRID RISER TOWER
%J The APPEA Journal
%D 2005/06/30
%V 45
%N 1
%P 45-54
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ04004
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/AJ04004 
%X This paper addresses the feasibility of developing an ultra-deepwater gas field by producing directly from subsea wells into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Carrier ships. Production interruptions will be avoided as two Gas Production Storage Shuttle (GPSS) vessels storing CNG switch out roles between producing/storing via one of two Submerged Turret Production (STP) buoys and transport CNG to a remote offloading buoy. This paper considers the challenges associated with a CNG solution for an ultra-deepwater field development and the specific issues related to the risers. A Hybrid Riser Tower (HRT) concept design incorporating the lessons learned from the Girassol experience allows minimisation of the vertical load on the STP buoys. The production switchover system from one GPSS to the other is located at the top of the HRT. High-pressure flexible flowlines with buoyancy connect the flow path at the top of HRT to both STP buoys. System fabrication and installation issues, as well as specific met ocean conditions of the GOM, such as eddy currents, have been addressed. The HRT concept can be also used for tiebacks to floating LNG plants. 
