
%0 Journal Article
%A Beinart, B. 
%T APPLICATION OF NUCLEONIC INSTRUMENTS IN SEPARATOR PROFILING: KUITO FPSO CASE STUDY
%J The APPEA Journal
%D 2006/06/30
%V 46
%N 1
%P 405-412
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ05023
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/AJ05023 
%X The Kuito field lies in the offshore Cabinda Province, Angola. Kuito was Angola&#x2019;s first deep-water oil and came on stream in December 1999. Kuito oil is produced via an FPSO. Kuito oil ranges 18&#x2013;22 API. The FPSO has threephase, horizontal, gravity separation vessels that are used to separate oil and gas from unwanted produced water and solids prior to transportation. The production separators were designed with traditional, single point transmitters for measurement of the fluid interface and overall fluid levels. These were capacitance type instruments mounted inside the vessels in stilling wells.Following production start-up, separation problems began to emerge; these were manifested in numerous process upsets and shutdowns. Kuito oil can form emulsions quickly, and calcium naphthenate is produced at higher temperatures. If allowed to cool, it solidifies. The point instrumentation was unable to detect these emulsion and naphthenate layers resulting in the instrumentation becoming fouled and ceasing to function. The separators were operated &#x2018;blind&#x2019;, using tri-cocks located on the side of the vessel, and as the instrumentation was installed in stilling wells inside the vessel, it was impossible to maintain them without shutting down and depressurising the vessels. This paper describes how nucleonic profiling instruments were retrofitted to the vessels and shows how their operation was able to identify the different layers within the separators. This enabled the time of oil production to be increased and allowed the pro-active use of effect chemicals such as emulsion breakers and defoamers to be applied before the plant became unstable. 
