
%0 Journal Article
%A Tihema, T. 
%T Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (spring 2013): Warmest Australian spring on record
%J Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal
%D 2014/04/01
%V 64
%N 2
%P 149-160
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/ES14014
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/ES14014 
%X Southern hemisphere circulation patterns and associated anomalies for austral winter 2013 are reviewed, with an emphasis on Pacific Basin climate indicators and Australian rainfall and temperatures. El Ni&#xf1;o&#x2013;Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions remained neutral throughout winter 2013 though some ENSO indicators, such as the SOI, surpassed La Ni&#xf1;a thresholds at times during the season. Sea surface temperature patterns across the equatorial Pacific Ocean displayed a weak La Ni&#xf1;a-like signal, but did not reach La Ni&#xf1;a thresholds. A negative Indian Ocean Dipole event contributed to above average rainfall across southern and northwestern Australia, before weakening in early August, whilst a strongly negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) contributed to above-average rainfall across southern areas in August. Above average rainfall saw an easing of rainfall deficiencies in the southeast, but a lack of winter rainfall saw a worsening of deficiencies in inland Queensland and northern New South Wales. Averaged across Australia, winter maxima were second warmest on record, and minima were sixth warmest on record. Overall, Australia&#x2019;s mean winter temperature was 1.29 &#xb0;C above average: the third highest on record. An unusual period of warmth which started in the last week of winter also saw Australia record its warmest winter day on 31 August. 
