
TY  - JOUR
A1  - McNicol, RWE 
A1  - Webster, HC 
T1  - A Study of "Spread?F" Ionospheric Echoes at Night at Brisbane. II. Interpretation of Range Spreading
JF  - Australian Journal of Physics
JO  - Aust. J.  Phys.
Y1  - 1956
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
SP  - 272
EP  - 285
KW  - 
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1071/PH560272 
N2  - A review is given of various hypotheses which might explain the behaviour of "range multiplets", in which satellite echoes accompany the F2. echo at frequencies well below the critical penetration frequency. It is shown that these cannot arise from stratification of the layer. Some few may be due to reflection from the F layer of waves previously scattered upwards by an Es irregularity. The great majority, however, appear to originate in reflections from irregularities in the F layer itself. This is confirmed by the directional observations, multiple-hop echo records, correlations between separated stations, and the usual shape of the range-time curves, as described in Part I 
ER  -

