Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
REVIEW (Open Access)

Welfare of beef cattle in Australian feedlots: a review of the risks and measures

Hannah E. Salvin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-1849 A D , Angela M. Lees https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-2843 B C , Linda M. Cafe A , Ian G. Colditz B and Caroline Lee B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A NSW Department of Primary Industries, Livestock Industries Centre, Trevenna Road, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

B CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Animal Behaviour and Welfare, FD McMaster Laboratory, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.

C Present address: School of Environmental and Rural Science, Trevenna Road, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: hannah.salvin@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Animal Production Science 60(13) 1569-1590 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19621
Submitted: 5 November 2019  Accepted: 11 June 2020   Published: 10 July 2020

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

The rising global demand for animal protein is leading to intensification of livestock production systems. At the same time, societal concerns about sustainability and animal welfare in intensive systems is increasing. This review examines the risks to welfare for beef cattle within commercial feedlots in Australia. Several aspects of the feedlot environment have the potential to compromise the physical and psychological welfare of cattle if not properly monitored and managed. These include, but are not limited to, animal factors such as the influence of genetics, temperament and prior health, as well as management factors such as diet, pen design, resource provision, pregnancy management, and stock-person attitudes and skills. While current industry and producer initiatives exist to address some of these issues, continuous improvements in welfare requires accurate, reliable and repeatable measures to allow quantification of current and future welfare states. Existing measures of welfare are explored as well as proxy indicators that may signal the presence of improved or reduced welfare. Finally, potential future measures of welfare that are currently under development are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.

Additional keywords: affective state, behaviour, health, stress, temperament.


References

Aguayo-Ulloa LA, Villarroel M, Pascual-Alonso M, Miranda-de la Lama GC, María GA (2014) Finishing feedlot lambs in enriched pens using feeder ramps and straw and its influence on behavior and physiological welfare indicators. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 9, 347–356.
Finishing feedlot lambs in enriched pens using feeder ramps and straw and its influence on behavior and physiological welfare indicators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ahlberg CM, Allwardt K, Broocks A, Bruno K, McPhillips L, Taylor A, Krehbiel CR, Calvo-Lorenzo MS, Richards CJ, Place SE, DeSilva U, VanOverbeke DL, Mateescu RG, Kuehn LA, Weaber RL, Bormann JM, Rolf MM (2018) Environmental effects on water intake and water intake prediction in growing beef cattle Journal of Animal Science 96, 4368–4384.
Environmental effects on water intake and water intake prediction in growing beef cattleCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30169660PubMed |

Ames D (1980) Thermal environment affects production efficiency of livestock. Bioscience 30, 457–460.
Thermal environment affects production efficiency of livestock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Animal Health Australia (2014) ‘Australian animal welfare standards and guidelines for cattle.’ Available at www.animalwelfarestandards.net.au.[Verified 1 March 2018]

Arias RA, Mader TL (2011) Environmental factors affecting daily water intake on cattle finished in feedlots. Journal of Animal Science 89, 245–251.
Environmental factors affecting daily water intake on cattle finished in feedlots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20870953PubMed |

Australian Lot Feeders Association (2015) ‘Frequently asked questions.’ Available at http://www.feedlots.com.au/faq.[Verified 22 February 2018]

Baciadonna, L, McElligott, AG (2015) ‘The use of judgement bias to assess welfare in farm livestock.’ (The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy, Animal Studies Repository. Available at https://animalstudiesrepository.org/ [Verified 12 March 2018] )

Badger SM, Sullivan KF, Jordan D, Caraguel CG, Page SW, Cusack PM, Frith D, Trott DJ (2020) Antimicrobial use and stewardship practices on Australian beef feedlots. Australian Veterinary Journal 98, 37–47.
Antimicrobial use and stewardship practices on Australian beef feedlots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31721160PubMed |

Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP (2012) Ruminant nutrition symposium: ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress. Journal of Animal Science 90, 1855–1865.
Ruminant nutrition symposium: ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22205665PubMed |

Beef Quality Assurance (2017) ‘BQA feedyard assessment.’ Available at https://www.bqa.org.[Verified 2 March 2018]

Belasco EJ, Cheng Y, Schroeder TC (2015) The impact of extreme weather on cattle feeding profits. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 40, 285–305.

Berghof T, Poppe M, Mulder H (2019) Opportunities to improve resilience in animal breeding programs. Frontiers in Genetics 9, 692
Opportunities to improve resilience in animal breeding programs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30693014PubMed |

Bergman E (2019) ‘Feedlot best practice management: pregnant heifers.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Bevans DW, Beauchemin KA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA (2005) Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1116–1132.
Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15827257PubMed |

Birkelo CP, Lounsbery J (1992) Effect of straw and newspaper bedding on cold season feedlot performance in two housing systems. South Dakota Beef report. Paper 12. Available at http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_1992/12. [Verified 27 March 2019]

Bitman J, Lefcourt A, Wood DL, Stroud B (1984) Circadian and Ultradian Temperature Rhythms of Lactating Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 1014–1023.
Circadian and Ultradian Temperature Rhythms of Lactating Dairy Cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6736397PubMed |

Blackshaw J, Blackshaw A (1994) Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behavior: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 285–295.
Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behavior: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Blackshaw JK, Blackshaw AW, McGlone JJ (1997) Buller steer syndrome review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54, 97–108.
Buller steer syndrome review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boissy A, Manteuffel G, Jensen MB, Moe RO, Spruijt B, Keeling LJ, Winckler C, Forkman B, Dimitrov I, Langbein J, Bakken M, Veissier I, Aubert A (2007) Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology and Behavior 92, 375–397.
Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17428510PubMed |

Boivin X, Lensink J, Tallet C, Veissier I (2003) Stockmanship and farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare 12, 479–492.

Bond TE, Kelly CF, Morrison SR, Periera N (1967) Solar, atmospheric, and terrestrial radiation received by shaded and unshaded animals. Transactions of the ASAE. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 10, 622–627.
Solar, atmospheric, and terrestrial radiation received by shaded and unshaded animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bouwknecht JA, Olivier B, Paylor RE (2007) The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm as a physiological animal model for anxiety: a review of pharmacological and genetic studies in the mouse. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 31, 41–59.
The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm as a physiological animal model for anxiety: a review of pharmacological and genetic studies in the mouse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boyland NK, Mlynski DT, James R, Brent LJN, Croft DP (2016) The social network structure of a dynamic group of dairy cows: from individual to group level patterns. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 174, 1–10.
The social network structure of a dynamic group of dairy cows: from individual to group level patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brambell FWR (1965) Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive husbandry systems. Cmnd 2836. HM Stationery Office, London, UK.

Brandle JR, Quam V, Johnson L, Wight B (1994) ‘EC94-1766 windbreaks for livestock operations.’ Historical materials from University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension: 840. Available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/840 [Accessed 11 April 2018]

Brower GR, Kiracofe GH (1978) Factors associated with the Buller-steer syndrome. Journal of Animal Science 46, 26–31.
Factors associated with the Buller-steer syndrome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown-Brandl TM, Eigenberg RA, Nienaber JA, Hahn GL (2005) Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 1: analyses of indicators. Biosystems Engineering 90, 451–462.
Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 1: analyses of indicators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown-Brandl TM, Eigenberg RA, Nienaber JA (2006a) Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers. Livestock Science 105, 57–68.
Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown-Brandl TM, Nienaber JA, Eigenberg RA, Mader TL, Morrow JL, Dailey JW (2006b) Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science 105, 19–26.
Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown-Brandl TM, Eigenberg RA, Nienaber JA (2010) Water spray cooling during handling of feedlot cattle. International Journal of Biometeorology 54, 609–616.
Water spray cooling during handling of feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19960206PubMed |

Buhman MJ, Hungerford LL, Smith DR (2003) An economic risk assessment of the management of pregnant feedlot heifers in the USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 59, 207–222.
An economic risk assessment of the management of pregnant feedlot heifers in the USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12835005PubMed |

Burrow HM (1997) Measurements of temperament and their relationships with performance traits of beef cattle. Animal Breeding Abstracts 65, 477–495.

Burrow HM, Dillon RD (1997) Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of Bos indicus crossbreds. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 407–411.
Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of Bos indicus crossbreds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burrow HM, Seifert GW, Corbet NJ (1988) A new technique for measuring temperament in cattle. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 17, 154–157.

Bushby EV, Friel M, Goold C, Gray H, Smith L, Collins LM (2018) Factors influencing individual variation in farm animal cognition and how to account for these statistically. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 5, 193
Factors influencing individual variation in farm animal cognition and how to account for these statistically.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30175105PubMed |

Cafe LM, Robinson DL, Ferguson DM, Geesink GH, Greenwood PL (2011a) Temperament and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits in Brahman steers. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 40, 230–240.
Temperament and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits in Brahman steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21414739PubMed |

Cafe LM, Robinson DL, Ferguson DM, McIntyre BL, Geesink GH, Greenwood PL (2011b) Cattle temperament: persistence of assessments and associations with productivity, efficiency, carcass and meat quality traits. Journal of Animal Science 89, 1452–1465.
Cattle temperament: persistence of assessments and associations with productivity, efficiency, carcass and meat quality traits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21169516PubMed |

Castaneda CA, Gaughan JB, Sakaguchi Y (2004) Relationships between climatic conditions and the behavior of feedlot cattle. Animal Production in Australia 25, 33–36.

Ceballos MC, Sant’Anna AC, Boivin X, Costa FdO, Carvalhal MV, de Paranhos L, da Costa MJR (2018) Impact of good practices of handling training on beef cattle welfare and stockpeople attitudes and behaviors. Livestock Science 216, 24–31.
Impact of good practices of handling training on beef cattle welfare and stockpeople attitudes and behaviors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Charlton GL, Rutter SM, East M, Sinclair LA (2013) The motivation of dairy cows for access to pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4387–4396.
The motivation of dairy cows for access to pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23664348PubMed |

Chen JM, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2013) Dairy cows use and prefer feed bunks fitted with sprinklers. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5035–5045.
Dairy cows use and prefer feed bunks fitted with sprinklers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23769371PubMed |

Chen JM, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2016) Cooling cows efficiently with water spray: behavioral, physiological, and production responses to sprinklers at the feed bunk. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 4607–4618.
Cooling cows efficiently with water spray: behavioral, physiological, and production responses to sprinklers at the feed bunk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27060833PubMed |

Church JS, Hegadoren P, Paetkau M, Miller C, Regev-Shoshani G, Schaefer A, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K (2014) Influence of environmental factors on infrared eye temperature measurements in cattle. Research in Veterinary Science 96, 220–226.
Influence of environmental factors on infrared eye temperature measurements in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24290729PubMed |

Clarke M, Kelly A (1996) Some effects of shade on Hereford steers in a feedlot. In ‘Proceedings – Australian Society of Animal Production 21st biennial conference’, 8–12 July 1996, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia. pp. 235–238. (Australian Society of Animal Production: Armidale, NSW)

Colditz IG (2004) Some mechanisms regulating nutrient utilisation in livestock during immune activation: an overview. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 453–458.
Some mechanisms regulating nutrient utilisation in livestock during immune activation: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Colditz IG, Hine BC (2016) Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare. Animal Production Science 56, 1961–1983.
Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Colditz IG, Ferguson DM, Greenwood PL, Doogan VJ, Petherick JC, Kilgour RJ (2007) Regrouping unfamiliar animals in the weeks prior to slaughter has few effects on physiology and meat quality in Bos taurus feedlot steers. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 763–769.
Regrouping unfamiliar animals in the weeks prior to slaughter has few effects on physiology and meat quality in Bos taurus feedlot steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Colditz I, Ferguson D, Collins T, Matthews L, Hemsworth P (2014) A prototype tool to enable farmers to measure and improve the welfare performance of the farm animal enterprise: the unified field index. Animals 4, 446–462.
A prototype tool to enable farmers to measure and improve the welfare performance of the farm animal enterprise: the unified field index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26480317PubMed |

Coleman G, Hemsworth P, Hay M, Cox M (2000) Modifying stockperson attitudes and behaviour towards pigs at a large commercial farm. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 66, 11–20.
Modifying stockperson attitudes and behaviour towards pigs at a large commercial farm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Comin A, Peric T, Corazzin M, Veronesi MC, Meloni T, Zufferli V, Cornacchia G, Prandi A (2013) Hair cortisol as a marker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation in Friesian dairy cows clinically or physiologically compromised. Livestock Science 152, 36–41.
Hair cortisol as a marker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation in Friesian dairy cows clinically or physiologically compromised.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Creutzinger KC, Stookey JM, Marfleet TW, Campbell JR, Janz DM, Marques FJ, Seddon YM (2017) An investigation of hair cortisol as a measure of long-term stress in beef cattle: results from a castration study. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 97, 499–509.
An investigation of hair cortisol as a measure of long-term stress in beef cattle: results from a castration study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crump A, Arnott G, Bethell E (2018) Affect-driven attention biases as animal welfare indicators: review and methods. Animals 8, 136
Affect-driven attention biases as animal welfare indicators: review and methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cusack PMV, McMeniman NP, Lean IJ (2007) Feedlot entry characteristics and climate: their relationship with cattle growth rate, bovine respiratory disease and mortality. Australian Veterinary Journal 85, 311–316.
Feedlot entry characteristics and climate: their relationship with cattle growth rate, bovine respiratory disease and mortality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Daigle CL, Ridge EE (2018) Investing in stockpeople is an investment in animal welfare and agricultural sustainability. Animal Frontiers 8, 53–59.
Investing in stockpeople is an investment in animal welfare and agricultural sustainability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Daigle CL, Jackson B, Gill R, Wickersham TA, Sawyer JE (2017) Impact of exercise on productivity, behavior, and immune functioning of weaned Bos indicus-cross calves housed in drylots. Journal of Animal Science 95, 5230–5239.
Impact of exercise on productivity, behavior, and immune functioning of weaned Bos indicus-cross calves housed in drylots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29293791PubMed |

Daros RR, Costa JHC, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hotzel MJ, Weary DM (2014) Separation from the dam causes negative judgement bias in dairy calves. PLoS One 9, e98429
Separation from the dam causes negative judgement bias in dairy calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24848635PubMed |

Davis MS, Mader TL, Holt SM, Parkhurst AM (2003) Strategies to reduce feedlot cattle heat stress: effects on tympanic temperature. Journal of Animal Science 81, 649–661.
Strategies to reduce feedlot cattle heat stress: effects on tympanic temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12661645PubMed |

Davis-Unger J, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, Pajor EA, Hendrick S, Marti S, Dorin C, Orsel K (2019) Prevalence and lameness-associated risk factors in Alberta feedlot cattle Translational Animal Science 3, 595–606.
Prevalence and lameness-associated risk factors in Alberta feedlot cattleCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

DeVries TJ, Schwaiger T, Beauchemin KA, Penner GB (2014) The duration of time that beef cattle are fed a high-grain diet affects feed sorting behavior, both prior to and after acute ruminal acidosis. Journal of Animal Science 92, 1728–1737.
The duration of time that beef cattle are fed a high-grain diet affects feed sorting behavior, both prior to and after acute ruminal acidosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24663165PubMed |

Dikmen S, Ustuner H, Orman A (2012) The effect of body weight on some welfare indicators in feedlot cattle in a hot environment. International Journal of Biometeorology 56, 297–303.
The effect of body weight on some welfare indicators in feedlot cattle in a hot environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21533672PubMed |

Douglas C, Bateson M, Walsh C, Bedue A, Edwards SA (2012) Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive biases in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 139, 65–73.
Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive biases in pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doyle RE, Fisher AD, Hinch GN, Boissy A, Lee C (2010) Release from restraint generates a positive judgement bias in sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 122, 28–34.
Release from restraint generates a positive judgement bias in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Edwards TA (1995) Buller syndrome: what’s behind this abnormal sexual behavior? Large Animal Veterinarian 50, 6–8.

Edwards TA (2010) Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 26, 273–284.
Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Eigenberg RA, Brown-Brandl TM, Nienaber JA, Hahn GL (2005) Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 2: predictive relationships. Biosystems Engineering 91, 111–118.
Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 2: predictive relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Eigenberg RA, Brown-Brandl TM, Nienaber JA (2010) Shade material evaluation using a cattle response model and meteorological instrumentation. International Journal of Biometeorology 54, 601–607.
Shade material evaluation using a cattle response model and meteorological instrumentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21061024PubMed |

Elgersma GG, De Jong G, Van der Linde R, Mulder HA (2018) Fluctuations in milk yield are heritable and can be used as a resilience indicator to breed healthy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 1240–1250.
Fluctuations in milk yield are heritable and can be used as a resilience indicator to breed healthy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29174159PubMed |

Entwistle K, Rose M, McKiernan B (2000) ‘Mortalities in feedlot cattle at prime city feedlot, Tabbita, NSW, February 2000.’ (NSW Agriculture: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Eurobarometer (2007) ‘Attitudes of EU citizens towards animal welfare.’ European commission. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_270_en.pdf. [Verified 5 November 2018]

Farm Animal Welfare Council (2009) ‘Farm animal welfare in Great Britain: past, present and future.’ (Farm Animal Welfare Council, London, UK)

Fell LR, Colditz IG, Walker KH, Watson DL (1999) Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 795–802.
Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ferguson DM, Johnston D, Burrow HM, Reverter A (2006) Relationships between temperament, feedlot performance and beef quality. In ‘Australian beef: the leader’, (Ed. H Burrow) pp. 161–165) (CRC for Beef Genetic Technologies: Armidale, NSW, Australia)

Finkemeier M-A, Langbein J, Puppe B (2018) Personality research in mammalian farm animals: concepts, measures, and relationship to welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 5, 131
Personality research in mammalian farm animals: concepts, measures, and relationship to welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30003083PubMed |

Fisher AD, Verkerk GA, Morrow CJ, Matthews LR (2002) The effects of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary–adrenal axis regulation in lactating cows. Livestock Production Science 73, 255–263.
The effects of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary–adrenal axis regulation in lactating cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fleming PA, Wickham SL, Stockman CA, Verbeek E, Matthews L, Wemelsfelder F (2015) The sensitivity of QBA assessments of sheep behavioral expression to variations in visual or verbal information provided to observers. Animal 9, 878–887.
The sensitivity of QBA assessments of sheep behavioral expression to variations in visual or verbal information provided to observers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25583376PubMed |

Fleming PA, Clarke T, Wickham SL, Stockman CA, Barnes AL, Collins T, Miller DW (2016) The contribution of qualitative behavioral assessment to appraisal of livestock welfare. Animal Production Science 56, 1569–1578.
The contribution of qualitative behavioral assessment to appraisal of livestock welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fordyce G, Goddard M, Tyler R, Williams G, Toleman M (1985) Temperament and bruising of Bos indicus cross cattle. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 283–288.
Temperament and bruising of Bos indicus cross cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fordyce G, Wythes J, Shorthose W, Underwood D, Shepherd R (1988) Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 2. Effect of temperament on carcass and meat quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, 689–693.
Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 2. Effect of temperament on carcass and meat quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Forkman B, Boissy A, Meunier-Salauen MC, Canali E, Jones RB (2007) A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. Physiology and Behavior 92, 340–374.
A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18046784PubMed |

Fox JT (2015) Management of feedyard hospitals. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 31, 455–463.

Fraser D (2008) Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113, 330–339.
Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fureix C, Meagher RK (2015) What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 171, 8–24.
What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Galyean ML, Rivera JD (2003) Nutritionally related disorders affecting feedlot cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, 13–20.
Nutritionally related disorders affecting feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gardner BA, Dolezal HG, Bryant LK, Owens FN, Smith RA (1999) Health of finishing steers: effects on performance, carcass traits, and meat tenderness. Journal of Animal Science 77, 3168–3175.
Health of finishing steers: effects on performance, carcass traits, and meat tenderness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10641860PubMed |

Gaughan JB, Mader TL (2014) Body temperature and respiratory dynamics in un-shaded beef cattle. International Journal of Biometeorology 58, 1443–1450.
Body temperature and respiratory dynamics in un-shaded beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24122341PubMed |

Gaughan JB, Sullivan ML (2014) Australian feedlot industry. In ‘Beef cattle production and trade’. (Eds L Kahn, and D Cottle) pp. 205–233. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Gaughan JB, Davis MS, Mader TL (2004a) Wetting and the physiological responses of grain-fed cattle in a heated environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 253–260.
Wetting and the physiological responses of grain-fed cattle in a heated environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gaughan JB, Tait LA, Eigenberg R, Bryden WL (2004b) Effect of shade on respiration rate and rectal temperature of Angus heifers. Animal Production in Australia 1, 69–72.

Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Holt SM (2008a) Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of grain-fed beef cattle in intensive housing. Livestock Science 113, 226–233.
Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of grain-fed beef cattle in intensive housing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Holt SM, Lisle A (2008b) A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 86, 226–234.
A new heat load index for feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17911236PubMed |

Gaughan JB, Bonner S, Loxton I, Mader TL, Lisle A, Lawrence R (2010) Effect of shade on body temperature and performance of feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science 88, 4056–4067.
Effect of shade on body temperature and performance of feedlot steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20709874PubMed |

Gaughan JB, Bonner S, Loxton I, Mader TL (2013) Effects of chronic heat stress on plasma concentration of secreted heat shock protein 70 in growing feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 91, 120–129.
Effects of chronic heat stress on plasma concentration of secreted heat shock protein 70 in growing feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23048154PubMed |

Góis KCR, Ceballos MC, Sant’Anna AC, Paranhos de Costa MJR (2016) Using an observer rating method to assess the effects of rotational stocking method on beef cattle temperament over time. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 45, 501–508.
Using an observer rating method to assess the effects of rotational stocking method on beef cattle temperament over time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gómez Y, Bieler R, Hankele AK, Zähner M, Savary P, Hillmann E (2018) Evaluation of visible eye white and maximum eye temperature as non-invasive indicators of stress in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 198, 1–8.
Evaluation of visible eye white and maximum eye temperature as non-invasive indicators of stress in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

González LA, Ferret A, Manteca X, Ruíz-de-la-Torre JL, Calsamiglia S, Devant M, Bach A (2008) Effect of the number of concentrate feeding places per pen on performance, behavior, and welfare indicators of Friesian calves during the first month after arrival at the feedlot. Journal of Animal Science 86, 419–431.
Effect of the number of concentrate feeding places per pen on performance, behavior, and welfare indicators of Friesian calves during the first month after arrival at the feedlot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17940151PubMed |

Grandin T (1993) Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36, 1–9.
Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grandin T (1997) The design and construction of facilities for handling cattle. Livestock Production Science 49, 103–119.
The design and construction of facilities for handling cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grandin T (2016) Evaluation of the welfare of cattle housed in outdoor feedlot pens. Veterinary and Animal Science 1–2, 23–28.
Evaluation of the welfare of cattle housed in outdoor feedlot pens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gutmann A, Schwed B, Tremetsberger L, Winckler C (2015a) Intra-day variation of qualitative behavior assessment outcomes in dairy cattle. Animal Welfare 24, 319–326.
Intra-day variation of qualitative behavior assessment outcomes in dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gutmann AK, Špinka M, Winckler C (2015b) Long-term familiarity creates preferred social partners in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 169, 1–8.
Long-term familiarity creates preferred social partners in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hahn GL (1999) Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science 77, 10–20.
Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15526777PubMed |

Hahn GL, Mader TL (1997) Heat waves in relation to thermoregulation, feeding behavior and mortality of feedlot cattle. In ‘Proceedings of the fifth international livestock environment symposium’. (Eds RW Bottcher, SJ Hoff) pp. 563–571. (American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI, USA)

Hansson H, Lagerkvist CJ (2014) Defining and measuring farmers’ attitudes to farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare 23, 47–56.
Defining and measuring farmers’ attitudes to farm animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hay KE, Barnes TS, Morton JM, Gravel JL, Commins MA, Horwood PF, Ambrose RC, Clements ACA, Mahony TJ (2016) Associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 127, 121–133.
Associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26972273PubMed |

Held SDE, Špinka M (2011) Animal play and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 81, 891–899.
Animal play and animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hemsworth PH (2003) Human–animal interactions in livestock production. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81, 185–198.
Human–animal interactions in livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL, Coleman GJ (1993) The human–animal relationship in agriculture and its consequences for the animal. Animal Welfare 2, 33–51.

Hemsworth PH, Mellor DJ, Cronin GM, Tilbrook AJ (2015) Scientific assessment of animal welfare. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, 24–30.
Scientific assessment of animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25263963PubMed |

Henry B, Charmley E, Eckard R, Gaughan JB, Hegarty R (2012) Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia. Crop and Pasture Science 63, 191–202.
Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Herring AD (2014) ‘Beef cattle production systems.’ (CABI: Boston, MA, USA)

Hine BC, Bell AM, Niemeyer DDO, Duff CJ, Butcher NM, Dominik S, Ingham AB, Colditz IG (2019) Immune competence traits assessed during the stress of weaning are heritable and favourably genetically correlated with temperament traits in Angus cattle. Journal of Animal Science 97, 4053–4065.
Immune competence traits assessed during the stress of weaning are heritable and favourably genetically correlated with temperament traits in Angus cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31581299PubMed |

Irwin MR, Melendy DR, Amoss MS, Hutcheson DP (1979) Roles of predisposing factors and gonadal hormones in the Buller syndrome of feedlot steers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 174, 367–370.

Ishiwata T, Uetake K, Abe N, Eguchi Y, Tanaka T (2006) Effects of an environmental enrichment using a drum can on behavioral, physiological and productive characteristics in fattening beef cattle. Animal Science Journal 77, 352–362.
Effects of an environmental enrichment using a drum can on behavioral, physiological and productive characteristics in fattening beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ishiwata T, Uetake K, Eguchi Y, Tanaka T (2008) Function of tongue-playing of cattle in association with other behavioral and physiological characteristics. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 11, 358–367.
Function of tongue-playing of cattle in association with other behavioral and physiological characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18821405PubMed |

Jensen MB (2018) The role of social behavior in cattle welfare. In ‘Advances in cattle welfare’. (Ed. CB Tucker) pp. 123–155. (Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK)

Kadel MJ, Johnston DJ, Burrow HM, Graser H-U, Ferguson DM (2006) Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 1029–1035.
Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kappel S, Mendl MT, Barrett DC, Murrell JC, Whay HR (2017) Lateralized behavior as indicator of affective state in dairy cows. PLoS One 12, e0184933
Lateralized behavior as indicator of affective state in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28910416PubMed |

Kilgour RJ (2012) In pursuit of ‘normal’: a review of the behavior of cattle at pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 138, 1–11.
In pursuit of ‘normal’: a review of the behavior of cattle at pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kilgour RJ, Melville GJ, Greenwood PL (2006) Individual differences in the reaction of beef cattle to situations involving social isolation, close proximity of humans, restraint and novelty. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 99, 21–40.
Individual differences in the reaction of beef cattle to situations involving social isolation, close proximity of humans, restraint and novelty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

King DA, Schuehle Pfeiffer CE, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, Curley KO, Vann RC, Hale DS, Savell JW (2006) Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Science 74, 546–556.
Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22063059PubMed |

Kirkden RD, Pajor EA (2006) Using preference, motivation and aversion tests to ask scientific questions about animals’ feelings. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 29–47.
Using preference, motivation and aversion tests to ask scientific questions about animals’ feelings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Knierim U, Winckler C (2009) On-farm welfare assessment in cattle: validity, reliability and feasibility issues and future perspectives with special regard to the Welfare Quality® approach. Animal Welfare 18, 451–458.

Koolhaas JM, Korte SM, De Boer SF, Van Der Vegt BJ, Van Reenen CG, Hopster H, De Jong IC, Ruis MAW, Blokhuis HJ (1999) Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23, 925–935.
Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10580307PubMed |

Lambert HS, Carder G (2017) Looking into the eyes of a cow: can eye whites be used as a measure of emotional state? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 186, 1–6.
Looking into the eyes of a cow: can eye whites be used as a measure of emotional state?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lee C, Fisher AD, Colditz IG, Lea JM, Ferguson DM (2013) Preference of beef cattle for feedlot or pasture environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 145, 53–59.
Preference of beef cattle for feedlot or pasture environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lee C, Lea J, Thomson P, Pool K, Colditz I (2016a) ‘The effect of mud on cattle motivation for feedlot or pasture environments.’ (Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Lee C, Verbeek E, Doyle R, Bateson M (2016b) Attention bias to threat indicates anxiety differences in sheep. Biology Letters 12, 20150977
Attention bias to threat indicates anxiety differences in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27277950PubMed |

Lee C, Cafe LM, Robinson SL, Doyle RE, Lea JM, Small AH, Colditz IG (2018) Anxiety influences attention bias but not flight speed and crush score in beef cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 205, 210–215.
Anxiety influences attention bias but not flight speed and crush score in beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lees A, Lea J, Salvin H, Cafe L, Colditz I, Lee C (2018a) Relationship between rectal temperature and vaginal temperature in grazing Bos taurus heifers. Animals 8, 156
Relationship between rectal temperature and vaginal temperature in grazing Bos taurus heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lees AM, Lees JC, Lisle AT, Sullivan ML, Gaughan JB (2018b) Effect of heat stress on rumen temperature of three breeds of cattle. International Journal of Biometeorology 62, 207–215.
Effect of heat stress on rumen temperature of three breeds of cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28918576PubMed |

Lees AM, Lees JC, Sejian V, Sullivan ML, Gaughan JB (2020) Influence of shade on panting score and behavioural responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus feedlot cattle to heat load. Animal Production Science 60, 305–315.
Influence of shade on panting score and behavioural responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus feedlot cattle to heat load.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lefcourt AM, Adams WR (1996) Radiotelemetry measurement of body temperatures of feedlot steers during summer. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2633–2640.
Radiotelemetry measurement of body temperatures of feedlot steers during summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8923177PubMed |

Lefcourt AM, Huntington JB, Akers RM, Wood DL, Bitman J (1999) Circadian and ultradian rhythms of body temperature and peripheral concentrations of insulin and nitrogen in lactating dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 16, 41–55.
Circadian and ultradian rhythms of body temperature and peripheral concentrations of insulin and nitrogen in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10081662PubMed |

Legrand A, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2011) Using water to cool cattle: behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 3376–3386.
Using water to cool cattle: behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21700023PubMed |

Leliveld LMC, Langbein J, Puppe B (2013) The emergence of emotional lateralization: evidence in non-human vertebrates and implications for farm animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 145, 1–14.
The emergence of emotional lateralization: evidence in non-human vertebrates and implications for farm animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li Y, Wang L (2011) Effects of previous housing system on agonistic behaviors of growing pigs at mixing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 132, 20–26.
Effects of previous housing system on agonistic behaviors of growing pigs at mixing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lyles JL, Calvo-Lorenzo MS (2014) Bill E. Kunkle interdisciplinary beef symposium: practical developments in managing animal welfare in beef cattle: what does the future hold? Journal of Animal Science 92, 5334–5344.
Bill E. Kunkle interdisciplinary beef symposium: practical developments in managing animal welfare in beef cattle: what does the future hold?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25253809PubMed |

MacKay J, Haskell M (2015) Consistent individual behavioral variation: the difference between temperament, personality and behavioral syndromes. Animals 5, 366
Consistent individual behavioral variation: the difference between temperament, personality and behavioral syndromes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

MacKay JRD, Turner SP, Hyslop J, Deag JM, Haskell MJ (2013) Short-term temperament tests in beef cattle relate to long-term measures of behavior recorded in the home pen. Journal of Animal Science 91, 4917–4924.
Short-term temperament tests in beef cattle relate to long-term measures of behavior recorded in the home pen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mader TL (2003) Environmental stress in confined beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81, E110–E119.

Mader TL (2011) Mud effects on feedlot cattle. Nebraska beef cattle reports. 613. Available at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/613/. [Verified 23 April 2018]

Mader TL, Colgan SL (2007) Pen density and straw bedding during feedlot finishing. Nebraska beef cattle reports. 70. Available at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/70. [Verified 28 March 2019]

Mader TL, Davis MS (2004) Effect of management strategies on reducing heat stress of feedlot cattle: feed and water intake. Journal of Animal Science 82, 3077–3087.
Effect of management strategies on reducing heat stress of feedlot cattle: feed and water intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15484961PubMed |

Mader TL, Griffin D (2015) Management of cattle exposed to adverse environmental conditions. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 31, 247–258.
Management of cattle exposed to adverse environmental conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26139190PubMed |

Mader TL, Holt SM, Hahn GL, Davis MS, Spiers DE (2002) Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2373–2382.
Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12350014PubMed |

Mader TL, Davis MS, Brown-Brandl TM (2006) Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 712–719.
Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16478964PubMed |

Mader TL, Davis MS, Gaughan JB (2007) Effect of sprinkling on feedlot microclimate and cattle behavior. International Journal of Biometeorology 51, 541–551.
Effect of sprinkling on feedlot microclimate and cattle behavior.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17364184PubMed |

Mader TL, Gaughan JB, Johnson LJ, Hahn GL (2010) Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load. International Journal of Biometeorology 54, 629–635.
Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19404683PubMed |

Maia A, da Silva RG, Loureiro CB (2005) Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. International Journal of Biometeorology 50, 17–22.
Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15864465PubMed |

Mason G, Mendl M (1993) Why is there no simple way of measuring animal welfare? Animal Welfare 2, 301–319.

Mazurek M, McGee M, Minchin W, Crowe MA, Earley B (2011) Is the avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans influenced by either the dominant or flightiest animal in the group? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 132, 107–113.
Is the avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans influenced by either the dominant or flightiest animal in the group?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McDowell RE, Weldy JR (1967) Water exchange of cattle under heat stress. In ‘Proceedings of the 3rd international biometeorological congress’ London. pp. 414–424. (Symposium Publications Division, Pergamon Press: Oxford, NY).

McPhee CP, McBride G, James JW (1964) Social behavior of domestic animals III. Steers in small yards. Animal Science 6, 9–15.
Social behavior of domestic animals III. Steers in small yards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meagher RK, von Keyserlingk MAG, Atkinson D, Weary DM (2016) Inconsistency in dairy calves’ responses to tests of fearfulness. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 185, 15–22.
Inconsistency in dairy calves’ responses to tests of fearfulness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mellor DJ (2015) Positive animal welfare states and encouraging environment-focused and animal-to-animal interactive behaviors. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, 9–16.
Positive animal welfare states and encouraging environment-focused and animal-to-animal interactive behaviors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24875367PubMed |

Mellor D, Beausoleil N (2015) Extending the ‘five domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare 24, 241–253.
Extending the ‘five domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mench JA, Swanson JC, Stricklin WR (1990) Social stress and dominance among group members after mixing beef cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, 345–354.
Social stress and dominance among group members after mixing beef cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mendl M, Burman OHP, Paul ES (2010) An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 277, 2895
An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20685706PubMed |

Meyer JS, Novak MA (2012) Minireview: hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical activity. Endocrinology 153, 4120–4127.
Minireview: hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22778226PubMed |

Mitlöhner FM, Morrow JL, Dailey JW, Wilson SC, Galyean ML, Miller MF, McGlone JJ (2001) Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 79, 2327–2335.
Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11583419PubMed |

Mitlöhner FM, Galyean ML, McGlone JJ (2002) Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behavior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2043–2050.
Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behavior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12211371PubMed |

Moberg GP (2000) Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In ‘The biology of animal stress’. (Eds GP Moberg, JA Mench) pp. 1–21. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)

Monk JE, Hine BC, Colditz IG, Lee C (2018a) A novel protocol to assess acclimation rate in Bos taurus heifers during yard weaning. Animals 8, 51
A novel protocol to assess acclimation rate in Bos taurus heifers during yard weaning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Monk JE, Doyle RE, Colditz IG, Belson S, Cronin GM, Lee C (2018b) Towards a more practical attention bias test to assess affective state in sheep. PLoS One 13, e0190404
Towards a more practical attention bias test to assess affective state in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29293636PubMed |

Monk JE, Belson S, Colditz IG, Lee C (2018c) Attention bias test differentiates anxiety and depression in sheep. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12, 246
Attention bias test differentiates anxiety and depression in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30405371PubMed |

Montillo M, Comin A, Corazzin M, Peric T, Faustini M, Veronesi MC, Valentini S, Bustaffa M, Prandi A (2014) The effect of temperature, rainfall, and light conditions on hair cortisol concentrations in newborn foals. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34, 774–778.
The effect of temperature, rainfall, and light conditions on hair cortisol concentrations in newborn foals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Morrison SR, Givens RL, Lofgreen GP (1973) Sprinkling cattle for relief from heat stress. Journal of Animal Science 36, 428–431.
Sprinkling cattle for relief from heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mounier L, Veissier I, Andanson S, Delval E, Boissy A (2006) Mixing at the beginning of fattening moderates social buffering in beef bulls. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, 185–200.
Mixing at the beginning of fattening moderates social buffering in beef bulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moya D, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Veira DM (2013) Standardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle. Livestock Science 158, 138–144.
Standardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Müller R, von Keyserlingk MAG (2006) Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 99, 193–204.
Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Munksgaard L, Jensen MB, Pedersen LJ, Hansen SW, Matthews L (2005) Quantifying behavioural priorities – effects of time constraints on behaviour of dairy cows, Bos taurus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92, 3–14.
Quantifying behavioural priorities – effects of time constraints on behaviour of dairy cows, Bos taurus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Ranieri MS, Bernabucci U (2010) Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science 130, 57–69.
Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

National Guidelines for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Australia (2012) ‘National guidelines for beef feedlots in Australia. ‘(Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

National Research Council (2000) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.’ (National Research Council: Washington DC, USA)

Neave HW, Daros RR, Costa JH, von Keyserlingk MA, Weary DM (2013) Pain and pessimism: dairy calves exhibit negative judgement bias following hot-iron disbudding. PLoS One 8, e80556
Pain and pessimism: dairy calves exhibit negative judgement bias following hot-iron disbudding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24324609PubMed |

Okada K, Takemura K, Sato S (2013) Investigation of various essential factors for optimum infrared thermography. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75, 1349–1353.
Investigation of various essential factors for optimum infrared thermography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23759714PubMed |

Parola F, Hillmann E, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2012) Preferences for overhead sprinklers by naïve beef steers: test of two nozzle types. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 137, 13–22.
Preferences for overhead sprinklers by naïve beef steers: test of two nozzle types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Perkins N (2013) Animal health survey of the Australian feedlot industry (2010). MLA final report P.PSH.0547, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Petherick JC (2005) Animal welfare issues associated with extensive livestock production: the northern Australian beef cattle industry. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92, 211–234.
Animal welfare issues associated with extensive livestock production: the northern Australian beef cattle industry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Petherick JC, Holroyd RG, Doogan VJ, Venus BK (2002) Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, 389–398.
Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Petherick JC, Doogan VJ, Holroyd RG, Olsson P, Venus BK (2009) Quality of handling and holding yard environment, and beef cattle temperament: 1. Relationships with flight speed and fear of humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 120, 18–27.
Quality of handling and holding yard environment, and beef cattle temperament: 1. Relationships with flight speed and fear of humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Phillips C, Wojciechowska J, Meng J, Cross N (2009) Perceptions of the importance of different welfare issues in livestock production. Animal 3, 1152–1166.
Perceptions of the importance of different welfare issues in livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22444845PubMed |

Proctor HS, Carder G (2015) Measuring positive emotions in cows: do visible eye whites tell us anything? Physiology and Behavior 147, 1–6.
Measuring positive emotions in cows: do visible eye whites tell us anything?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25862928PubMed |

Proctor H, Carder G (2016) Can changes in nasal temperature be used as an indicator of emotional state in cows? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 184, 1–6.
Can changes in nasal temperature be used as an indicator of emotional state in cows?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Putz AM, Harding JC, Dyck MK, Fortin F, Plastow GS, Dekkers JC, Canada P (2019) Novel resilience phenotypes using feed intake data from a natural disease challenge model in wean-to-finish pigs. Frontiers in Genetics 9, 660
Novel resilience phenotypes using feed intake data from a natural disease challenge model in wean-to-finish pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30671080PubMed |

Rademacher RD, Warr BN, Booker CW (2015) Management of pregnant heifers in the feedlot. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 31, 209–228.
Management of pregnant heifers in the feedlot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26139188PubMed |

Rahman A, Smith DV, Little B, Ingham AB, Greenwood PL, Bishop-Hurley GJ (2018) Cattle behaviour classification from collar, halter, and ear tag sensors. Information Processing in Agriculture 5, 124–133.
Cattle behaviour classification from collar, halter, and ear tag sensors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Redbo I (1992) The influence of restraint on the occurrence of oral stereotypies in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35, 115–123.
The influence of restraint on the occurrence of oral stereotypies in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Reinhardt C, Hands M, Marston T, Waggoner J, Corah L (2012) Relationships between feedlot health, average daily gain, and carcass traits of Angus steers. The Professional Animal Scientist 28, 11–19.
Relationships between feedlot health, average daily gain, and carcass traits of Angus steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rezac DJ, Thomson DU, Bartle SJ, Osterstock JB, Prouty FL, Reinhardt CD (2014) Prevalence, severity, and relationships of lung lesions, liver abnormalities, and rumen health scores measured at slaughter in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 92, 2595–2602.
Prevalence, severity, and relationships of lung lesions, liver abnormalities, and rumen health scores measured at slaughter in beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24753377PubMed |

Ring SC, McCarthy J, Kelleher MM, Doherty ML, Berry DP (2018) Risk factors associated with animal mortality in pasture-based, seasonal-calving dairy and beef herds. Journal of Animal Science 96, 35–55.
Risk factors associated with animal mortality in pasture-based, seasonal-calving dairy and beef herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29385481PubMed |

Rizhova LY, Kokorina EP (2005) Behavioral asymmetry is involved in regulation of autonomic processes: left side presentation of food improves reproduction and lactation in cows. Behavioural Brain Research 161, 75–81.
Behavioral asymmetry is involved in regulation of autonomic processes: left side presentation of food improves reproduction and lactation in cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15904712PubMed |

Robertshaw D (1985) Heat loss of cattle. In ‘Stress physiology in livestock no. I’. (Ed. MK Yousef) pp. 55–66. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)

Robins A, Phillips C (2010) Lateralised visual processing in domestic cattle herds responding to novel and familiar stimuli. Laterality: asymmetries of body. Brain and Cognition 15, 514–534.

Robins A, Goma AA, Ouine L, Phillips CJ (2018) The eyes have it: lateralized coping strategies in cattle herds responding to human approach. Animal Cognition 21, 685–702.
The eyes have it: lateralized coping strategies in cattle herds responding to human approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30006794PubMed |

Rogers LJ (2010) Relevance of brain and behavioral lateralization to animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 127, 1–11.
Relevance of brain and behavioral lateralization to animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rushen J, de Passillé AMB, Munksgaard L (1999) Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at milking. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 720–727.
Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at milking.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10212458PubMed |

Rutter SM (2010) Review. Grazing preferences in sheep and cattle: implications for production, the environment and animal welfare. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, 285–293.
Review. Grazing preferences in sheep and cattle: implications for production, the environment and animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sackett D, Holmes P, Abbot K, Jephcott S, Barber M (2006) Assessing the economic cost of endemic disease on the profitability of Australian beef cattle and sheep producers. MLA Final Report AHW.087, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Sandem A-I, Braastad BO, Bøe KE (2002) Eye white may indicate emotional state on a frustration–contentedness axis in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, 1–10.
Eye white may indicate emotional state on a frustration–contentedness axis in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sandem A-I, Braastad BO, Bakken M (2006) Behavior and percentage eye-white in cows waiting to be fed concentrate: a brief report. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97, 145–151.
Behavior and percentage eye-white in cows waiting to be fed concentrate: a brief report.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sanger ME, Doyle RE, Hinch GN, Lee C (2011) Sheep exhibit a positive judgement bias and stress-induced hyperthermia following shearing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 131, 94–103.
Sheep exhibit a positive judgement bias and stress-induced hyperthermia following shearing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sant’Anna AC, Paranhos da Costa MJR (2013) Validity and feasibility of qualitative behavior assessment for the evaluation of Nellore cattle temperament. Livestock Science 157, 254–262.
Validity and feasibility of qualitative behavior assessment for the evaluation of Nellore cattle temperament.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Šárová R, Gutmann AK, Špinka M, Stěhulová I, Winckler C (2016) Important role of dominance in allogrooming behavior in beef cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181, 41–48.
Important role of dominance in allogrooming behavior in beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sato S, Sako S, Maeda A (1991) Social licking patterns in cattle (Bos taurus): influence of environmental and social factors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32, 3–12.
Social licking patterns in cattle (Bos taurus): influence of environmental and social factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sato S, Tarumizu K, Hatae K (1993) The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38, 235–244.
The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sato S, Ueno N, Seo T, Tokumoto K (1994) Haloperidol injections entirely suppress tongue-playing in cattle. Journal of Ethology 12, 77–80.
Haloperidol injections entirely suppress tongue-playing in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Scheffer M, Bolhuis JE, Borsboom D, Buchman TG, Gijzel SM, Goulson D, Kammenga JE, Kemp B, van de Leemput IA, Levin S (2018) Quantifying resilience of humans and other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, 11883–11890.
Quantifying resilience of humans and other animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30373844PubMed |

Schütz KE, Rogers AR, Cox NR, Webster JR, Tucker CB (2011) Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behavior and physiology. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 273–283.
Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behavior and physiology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21183037PubMed |

Schütz KE, Lee C, DeVries TJ (2018) Cattle priorities. Feed and water selection, ability to move freely and to access pasture. In ‘Advances in cattle welfare.’ (Ed. CB Tucker) pp. 93–122. (Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK)

Seo T, Sato S, Kosaka K, Sakamoto N, Tokumoto K (1998) Tongue-playing and heart rate in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58, 179–182.
Tongue-playing and heart rate in calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sih A, Christensen B (2001) Optimal diet theory: when does it work, and when and why does it fail? Animal Behaviour 61, 379–390.
Optimal diet theory: when does it work, and when and why does it fail?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simon GE, Hoar BR, Tucker CB (2016) Assessing cow–calf welfare. Part 1: benchmarking beef cow health and behavior, handling; and management, facilities, and producer perspectives. Journal of Animal Science 94, 3476–3487.
Assessing cow–calf welfare. Part 1: benchmarking beef cow health and behavior, handling; and management, facilities, and producer perspectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27695797PubMed |

Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, Bennett GL (2006) Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: environmental, genetic, and economic factors. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1999–2008.
Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: environmental, genetic, and economic factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16864858PubMed |

Sowell BF, Bowman JG, Huisma ME, Branine ME, Hubbert ME (1997). Feeding behavior of feedlot cattle. In ‘Proceedings of the 12th South-west nutrition and management’ pp. 45-49. (Phoenix, AZ, USA)

Spain C, Freund D, Mohan-Gibbons H, Meadow R, Beacham L (2018) Are they buying It? United States consumers’ changing attitudes toward more humanely raised meat, eggs, and dairy. Animals 8, 128
Are they buying It? United States consumers’ changing attitudes toward more humanely raised meat, eggs, and dairy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stewart M, Schaefer A, Haley D, Colyn J, Cook N, Stafford K, Webster J (2008) Infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for detecting fear-related responses of cattle to handling procedures. Animal Welfare 17, 387–393.

Stewart M, Verkerk GA, Stafford KJ, Schaefer AL, Webster JR (2010a) Noninvasive assessment of autonomic activity for evaluation of pain in calves, using surgical castration as a model. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 3602–3609.
Noninvasive assessment of autonomic activity for evaluation of pain in calves, using surgical castration as a model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20655429PubMed |

Stewart M, Webster JR, Stafford KJ, Schaefer AL, Verkerk GA (2010b) Technical note: effects of an epinephrine infusion on eye temperature and heart rate variability in bull calves. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5252–5257.
Technical note: effects of an epinephrine infusion on eye temperature and heart rate variability in bull calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20965341PubMed |

Stockman CA, Collins T, Barnes AL, Miller D, Wickham SL, Beatty DT, Blache D, Wemelsfelder F, Fleming PA (2011) Qualitative behavioural assessment and quantitative physiological measurement of cattle naïve and habituated to road transport. Animal Production Science 51, 240–249.
Qualitative behavioural assessment and quantitative physiological measurement of cattle naïve and habituated to road transport.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stockman CA, McGilchrist P, Collins T, Barnes AL, Miller DW, Wickham SL, Greenwood PL, Cafe LM, Blache D, Wemelsfelder F, Fleming PA (2012) Qualitative behavioural assessment of cattle pre-slaughter and relationship with cattle temperament and physiological responses to the slaughter process. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 142, 125–133.
Qualitative behavioural assessment of cattle pre-slaughter and relationship with cattle temperament and physiological responses to the slaughter process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stockman CA, Collins T, Barnes AL, Miller DW, Wickham SL, Beatty DT, Blache D, Wemelsfelder F, Fleming PA (2013) Flooring and driving conditions during road transport influence the behavioural expression of cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 143, 18–30.
Flooring and driving conditions during road transport influence the behavioural expression of cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sullivan ML, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Mader TL, Gaughan JB (2011) Effect of shade area on performance and welfare of short-fed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 89, 2911–2925.
Effect of shade area on performance and welfare of short-fed feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21478450PubMed |

Sumner CL, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM (2018) How benchmarking motivates farmers to improve dairy calf management. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3323–3333.
How benchmarking motivates farmers to improve dairy calf management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29397181PubMed |

Tallo-Parra O, Manteca X, Sabes-Alsina M, Carbajal A, Lopez-Bejar M (2015) Hair cortisol detection in dairy cattle by using EIA: protocol validation and correlation with faecal cortisol metabolites Animal 9, 1059–1064.
Hair cortisol detection in dairy cattle by using EIA: protocol validation and correlation with faecal cortisol metabolitesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25997530PubMed |

Tennessen T, Price MA, Berg RT (1985) The social interactions of young bulls and steers after re-grouping. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14, 37–47.
The social interactions of young bulls and steers after re-grouping.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Terrell S, Thomson D, Wileman B, Apley M (2011) A survey to describe current feeder cattle health and well-being program recommendations made by feedlot veterinary consultants in the United States and Canada. The Bovine Practitioner 45, 140–148.

Thomsen PT, Houe H (2018) Cow mortality as an indicator of animal welfare in dairy herds. Research in Veterinary Science 119, 239–243.
Cow mortality as an indicator of animal welfare in dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30005399PubMed |

Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671–677.
Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12167873PubMed |

Tresoldi G, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2018) Cooling cows with sprinklers: spray duration affects physiological responses to heat load. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 4412–4423.
Cooling cows with sprinklers: spray duration affects physiological responses to heat load.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29501342PubMed |

Tucker CB, Coetzee JF, Stookey JM, Thomson DU, Grandin T, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS (2015) Beef cattle welfare in the USA: identification of priorities for future research. Animal Health Research Reviews 16, 107–124.
Beef cattle welfare in the USA: identification of priorities for future research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26459152PubMed |

Tucker CB, Munksgaard L, Mintline EM, Jensen MB (2018) Use of a pneumatic push gate to measure dairy cattle motivation to lie down in a deep-bedded area. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 201, 15–24.
Use of a pneumatic push gate to measure dairy cattle motivation to lie down in a deep-bedded area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turner SP, Navajas EA, Hyslop JJ, Ross DW, Richardson RI, Prieto N, Bell M, Jack MC, Roehe R (2011) Associations between response to handling and growth and meat quality in frequently handled Bos taurus beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 89, 4239–4248.
Associations between response to handling and growth and meat quality in frequently handled Bos taurus beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21841078PubMed |

Val-Laillet D, Guesdon V, von Keyserlingk MAG, de Passillé AM, Rushen J (2009) Allogrooming in cattle: relationships between social preferences, feeding displacements and social dominance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116, 141–149.
Allogrooming in cattle: relationships between social preferences, feeding displacements and social dominance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Van Os JMC, Mintline EM, DeVries TJ, Tucker CB (2017a) Feedlot cattle are motivated to obtain roughage and show contrafreeloading. p. 59. In ‘Proceedings of the 51st congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology’. (Eds MB Jensen, MS Herskin, J Malmkvist) (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, Netherlands)

Van Os JMC, Mintline EM, DeVries TJ, Tucker CB (2017b) Motivation of naïve feedlot cattle to obtain grain and individual responses to novelty. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 197, 68–74.
Motivation of naïve feedlot cattle to obtain grain and individual responses to novelty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Van Reenen CG, O’Connell NE, Van der Werf JTN, Korte SM, Hopster H, Jones RB, Blokhuis HJ (2005) Responses of calves to acute stress: individual consistency and relations between behavioral and physiological measures. Physiology and Behavior 85, 557–570.
Responses of calves to acute stress: individual consistency and relations between behavioral and physiological measures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16081113PubMed |

Vandenheede M, Nicks B, Shehi R, Canart B, Dufrasne I, Biston R, Lecomte P (1995) Use of a shelter by grazing fattening bulls: effect of climatic factors. Animal Science 60, 81–85.
Use of a shelter by grazing fattening bulls: effect of climatic factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vanhonacker F, Verbeke W, Van Poucke E, Tuyttens FAM (2008) Do citizens and farmers interpret the concept of farm animal welfare differently? Livestock Science 116, 126–136.
Do citizens and farmers interpret the concept of farm animal welfare differently?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Verbeek E, Ferguson D, Quinquet de Monjour P, Lee C (2014) Generating positive affective states in sheep: the influence of food rewards and opioid administration. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 154, 39–47.
Generating positive affective states in sheep: the influence of food rewards and opioid administration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vickers LA, Burfeind O, von Keyserlingk MAG, Veira DM, Weary DM, Heuwieser W (2010) Technical note: comparison of rectal and vaginal temperatures in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5246–5251.
Technical note: comparison of rectal and vaginal temperatures in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20965340PubMed |

Vinkers CH, Groenink L, van Bogaert MJV, Westphal KGC, Kalkman CJ, van Oorschot R, Oosting RS, Olivier B, Korte SM (2009) Stress-induced hyperthermia and infection-induced fever: two of a kind? Physiology and Behavior 98, 37–43.
Stress-induced hyperthermia and infection-induced fever: two of a kind?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19375439PubMed |

Vogel GJ, Bokenkroger CD, Rutten-Ramos SC, Bargen JL (2015) A retrospective evaluation of animal mortality in US feedlots: rate, timing, and cause of death. The Bovine Practitioner 49, 113–123.

Voisinet BD, Grandin T, Tatum JD, O’Connor SF, Struthers JJ (1997a) Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments. Journal of Animal Science 75, 892–896.
Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9110198PubMed |

Voisinet BD, Grandin T, O’Connor SF, Tatum JD, Deesing MJ (1997b) Bos indicus-cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tougher meat and a higher incidence of borderline dark cutters. Meat Science 46, 367–377.
Bos indicus-cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tougher meat and a higher incidence of borderline dark cutters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062320PubMed |

Von Keyserlingk MA, Cestari AA, Franks B, Fregonesi JA, Weary DM (2017) Dairy cows value access to pasture as highly as fresh feed. Scientific Reports 7, 44953
Dairy cows value access to pasture as highly as fresh feed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28332567PubMed |

Waiblinger S, Menke C, Coleman G (2002) The relationship between attitudes, personal characteristics and behavior of stockpeople and subsequent behavior and production of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, 195–219.
The relationship between attitudes, personal characteristics and behavior of stockpeople and subsequent behavior and production of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Waiblinger S, Boivin X, Pedersen V, Tosi M-V, Janczak AM, Visser EK, Jones RB (2006) Assessing the human–animal relationship in farmed species: a critical review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101, 185–242.
Assessing the human–animal relationship in farmed species: a critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Walker KH, Fell LR, Reddacliff LA, Kilgour RJ, House JR, Wilson SC, Nicholls PJ (2007) Effects of yard weaning and training on the behavioral adaptation of cattle to a feedlot. Livestock Science 106, 210–217.
Effects of yard weaning and training on the behavioral adaptation of cattle to a feedlot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Watts PJ, Yan MJ, Sullivan TJ, Luttrell MM, Davis RJ, Keane OB (2015) Feedlot bedding study. MLA Final Report B.FLT.0237, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Watts PJ, Davis RJ, Keane OB, Luttrell MM, Tucker RW, Stafford R, Janke S (2016). ‘Beef cattle feedlots: design and construction.’ (Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Weary D, Huzzey JM, Keyserlingk M (2009) Board-invited rview: using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals. Journal of Animal Science 87, 770–777.
Board-invited rview: using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18952731PubMed |

Welfare Quality (2009) ‘Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for cattle.’ Available at http://www.welfarequalitynetwork.net/en-us/reports/assessment-protocols/. [Verified 7 April 2020]

Welp T, Rushen J, Kramer DL, Festa-Bianchet M, de Passille AM (2004) Vigilance as a measure of fear in dairy cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 87, 1–13.
Vigilance as a measure of fear in dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Williams J, Randle H (2017) Is the expression of stereotypic behavior a performance-limiting factor in animals? Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 20, 1–10.
Is the expression of stereotypic behavior a performance-limiting factor in animals?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson SC, Fell LR, Colditz IG, Collins DP (2002a) An examination of some physiological variables for assessing the welfare of beef cattle in feedlots. Animal Welfare 11, 305–316.

Wilson SC, Mitlöhner FM, Morrow-Tesch J, Dailey JW, McGlone JJ (2002b) An assessment of several potential enrichment devices for feedlot cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76, 259–265.
An assessment of several potential enrichment devices for feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson SC, Dobos RC, Fell LR (2005) Spectral analysis of feeding and lying behavior of cattle kept under different feedlot conditions. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8, 13–24.
Spectral analysis of feeding and lying behavior of cattle kept under different feedlot conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16004542PubMed |

Winckler C, Capdeville J, Gebresenbet G, Hörning B, Roiha U, Tosi M, Waiblinger S (2003) Selection of parameters for on-farm welfare-assessment protocols in cattle and buffalo. Animal Welfare 12, 619–624.

Windschnurer I, Boivin X, Waiblinger S (2009) Reliability of an avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans and a preliminary investigation of its association with farmers’ attitudes on bull fattening farms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, 117–127.
Reliability of an avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans and a preliminary investigation of its association with farmers’ attitudes on bull fattening farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woiwode R, Grandin T, Kirch B, Paterson J (2016) Compliance of large feedyards in the northern high plains with the Beef Quality Assurance Feedyard Assessment. The Professional Animal Scientist 32, 750–757.
Compliance of large feedyards in the northern high plains with the Beef Quality Assurance Feedyard Assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Young BA, Hall AB (1993) Heat load in cattle in the Australian environment. In ‘Australian Beef’. (Ed. R Coombes) pp. 143–148. (Morescope Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)

Yousef MK (1985) Thermal environment. In ‘Stress physiology in livestock no. I’. (Ed. MK Yousef) pp. 9–13. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)