Integrating climate-change adaptation and greenhouse-gas mitigation in the livestock industry: a review
Sineka Munidasa
A * , Brendan Cullen A * , Richard Eckard A , Long Cheng B and Natalie Doran-Browne C
A
B
C
Handling Editor: Arjan Jonker
Abstract
Climate actions in the livestock industry at regional, national, and international levels have historically focused on mitigating greenhouse-gas emissions, with adaptation often treated separately or lagging. With climate change already underway, there is an urgent need to integrate adaptation and mitigation strategies into policy and practice. This paper reviews adaptation and mitigation approaches in the livestock industry, highlighting co-benefits and trade-offs for their integration at the farm level by using two distinct studies from the Australian livestock industry. Treating adaptation and mitigation interventions as separate efforts is neither cost-effective nor reflective of their interconnected nature. Adaptation measures can influence mitigation outcomes in positive, negative, or neutral ways, just as mitigation strategies can affect the farms’ ability to adapt. To explore these interactions in practice, this paper examined two distinct livestock production systems, namely, pasture-based dairying in southern Australia and extensive beef production in northern Australia. These systems operate under unique conditions that shape their adaptation and mitigation options. Grazing-based southern Australian dairy farms offer more flexibility than do extensive beef farms in northern Australia, with differing proportions of emission sources. For example, enteric methane contributes about 56% of dairy farm emissions but approximately 95% of emissions from beef farms. These differences emphasize the need for tailored strategies that align with system characteristics while accounting for region-specific climate-change impacts. For instance, introducing deep-rooted, summer-active pasture species with plant secondary compounds can reduce enteric methane emissions and enhance climate resilience in both beef and dairy systems, but species selection must match regional conditions. Strategic tree planting not only sequesters carbon but also provides shade and shelter, improving animal welfare in warming climates. Despite the potential benefits, integrating adaptation and mitigation interventions remains underexplored in empirical research. Key research gaps include the need for long-term studies on the effectiveness of integrated strategies, analyses to assess cost-effectiveness and adoption barriers and region-specific research that accounts for diverse climatic and management conditions. Overall, strengthening the integration of adaptation and mitigation in livestock farming systems is not just an opportunity but a necessity for ensuring a resilient, low-emission, and economically viable future in an increasingly unpredictable climate.
Keywords: beef, climate change, dairy, global warming, greenhouse-gas emission, resilient, ruminant, sustainability.
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