Establishing the role of Mycoplasma (Mesomycoplasma) ovipneumoniae in the ovine respiratory complex and a holistic approach to disease control
Joan B. Lloyd
A * and Steve Cotton B
A
B
Abstract
Respiratory disease is common in sheep globally. The ovine respiratory complex (ORC) is a polymicrobial disease of lambs and adult sheep associated with bacterial, mycoplasmal and/or viral infection, exacerbated by a range of host and environmental factors. Much is known about ORC, including aetiology and the pivotal role of Mycoplasma (Mesomycoplasma) ovipneumoniae, risk factors for infection and clinical disease, pathological mechanisms, the immune response to infection and the economic cost of the disease throughout sheep supply chains globally. Despite this, effective options to treat and prevent ORC, in particular M. ovipneumoniae, are still not readily available, perhaps reflecting the silent nature of the disease that downplays its significance and the tendency of domestic sheep to hide signs of weakness, a reflection of evolutionary defence mechanisms to avoid predation. M. ovipneumoniae was first isolated in southern Queensland, Australia in the 1970s from two large sheep flocks that had shown poor growth rates, reduced exercise tolerance and high incidence of respiratory distress in the flock even while resting, causing serious economic losses. This review summarizes the original Australian descriptions of M. ovipneumoniae in sheep, including studies undertaken in Queensland and Victoria, studies that confirmed the role of M. ovipneumoniae in respiratory disease of sheep in other regions of the world, pathogenesis of infection and immune responses, risk factors for infection and the economic cost of infection. A holistic approach to control of ORC in Australian sheep is proposed, that includes monitoring prevalence through abattoir surveillance, improved management to reduce stress throughout the supply chain (farm to feedlot to abattoir), better nutrition, particularly of pregnant ewes and young sheep, culling chronically infected carrier ewes and rams, the introduction of testing programs for stud sheep that attend shows and breeding centres, and careful attention to ram source. This approach offers a solution now and aligns with current industry initiatives, such as Lifetime Ewe Management and Making More from Sheep, providing an opportunity to embed control of ORC within these successful industry programs.
Keywords: lamb, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, ORC, ovine respiratory complex, ovine respiratory disease, pneumonia, sheep.
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