Prospects for diversifying temperate pasture systems in south-eastern Australia with serradella (Ornithopus spp.)

L. E. Goward; C. K. Revell; D. M. Peck; A. W. Humphries; R. C. Hayes; R. J. Simpson; R. E. Haling; B. Penrose; R. W. Smith

doi:10.1071/CP25065

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 76(10)

Prospects for diversifying temperate pasture systems in south-eastern Australia with serradella (Ornithopus spp.)

L. E. Goward

^A ^B ^* , C. K. Revell ^C , D. M. Peck

^D , A. W. Humphries ^D , R. C. Hayes

^E , R. J. Simpson

^A , R. E. Haling

^A , B. Penrose

^B ^F and R. W. Smith

^B

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

^B Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1375, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia.

^C Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.

^D South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.

^E NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.

^F Research Institute for Northern Agriculture, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Brinkin, NT 0909, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: laura.goward@csiro.au

Handling Editor: Brendan Cullen

Crop & Pasture Science 76, CP25065 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP25065

Submitted: 17 March 2025 Accepted: 3 September 2025 Published: 15 October 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

There is potential for the wider use of serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in south-eastern Australian permanent pastures where the legume component has historically been based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Serradella is a genus of annual legumes native to the Mediterranean region and central and north-western Europe. Cultivar development in Australia has largely focused on the yellow (O. compressus L.) and French serradella (O. sativus Brot.) species, with slender (O. pinnatus (Mill.) Druce) and common birds-foot (O. perpusillus L.) serradella of minor importance. Serradellas have been shown to be productive on deep, sandy, acidic soils in Mediterranean climates where they have demonstrated equal or higher production than has subterranean clover. Recent research has highlighted a broader adaptation zone for serradella, including the cooler regions of the temperate pasture zones of south-eastern Australia with acidic, duplex soil types. Diversifying the feedbase with serradellas offers benefits, including low incidence of pest and disease, improved drought resilience, low bloat risk, low oestrogenic activity, and tolerance of acidic and P-deficient soils with the potential to reduce P fertiliser inputs for pastures by 30%. Key challenges for broad-scale adoption of serradellas in these new environments includes selection and commercialisation of cultivars with appropriate flowering and seed traits, effective introduction of serradella rhizobia and improved options for controlling weeds. This paper reviews the traits of serradellas that make them a viable legume option for south-eastern Australia, along with progress in cultivar and agronomic development.

Keywords: adaptation, annual legume, cultivars, pasture species diversification, resilient farming systems, serradella, sustainable grazing systems, temperate pastures.

References

Aitken Y (1974) ‘Flowering time, climate and genotype.’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne, Vic, Australia)

Angus J, Bell M, McBeath T, Scanlan C (2019) Nutrient-management challenges and opportunities in conservation agriculture. In ‘Australian Agriculture in 2020: from conservation to automation’. (Eds J Pratley, J Kirkegaard) pp. 221–236. (Agronomy Australia and Charles Sturt University: Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia)

Asher CJ, Ozanne PG (1966) Root growth in seedlings of annual pasture species. Plant and Soil 24(3), 423-436.
| Google Scholar |

Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1981–2010) Australia annual rainfall gridded data. Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/

Australian Pastures Genebank (2025) APG Australian Pastures Genebank. Available at https://www.genesys-pgr.org/partners/64c0a36d-cc85-4754-8d17-c282e314e1bb [Accessed 21 February 2025]

Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (2025) Public Chemical Registration Information System Search. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Available at https://portal.apvma.gov.au/pubcris [Accessed 5 January 2025]

Badgery W, Li G, Simmons A, Wood J, Smith R, Peck D, Ingram L, Durmic Z, Cowie A, Humphries A, Hutton P, Winslow E, Vercoe P, Eckard R (2023) Reducing enteric methane of ruminants in Australian grazing systems – a review of the role for temperate legumes and herbs. Crop & Pasture Science 74(8), 661-679.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ballard LAT (1961) Studies of dormancy in the seeds of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) II. The interaction of time, temperature, and carbon dioxide during passage out of dormancy. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 14, 173-186.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ballard RA, Peck D, Flohr B, Llewellyn R, Hill J, Scholz N, Tomney F, Gunn J, Richter I, McBeath T, Davoren B, Shoobridge W, Hackney B, Moodie M, Howie JH (2020) New pasture opportunities to boost productivity of mixed farms in low/medium rainfall areas. Grains Research Development Corporation. Available at https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2020/02/new-pasture-opportunities-to-boost-productivity-of-mixed-farms-in-lowmedium-rainfall-areas

Barrett-Lennard RA, Gladstones JS (1964) Dormancy and hard-seededness in Western Australian serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15(6), 895-904.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Blake A (2002) Herbicide tolerance of pasture legumes. In ‘Northern Agricultural Region Trial and Demonstration Reports, presented at GRDC Agribusiness Crop Updates, Perth, 2003; and included in the Mingenew Irwin Group’s Farming Systems Research Highlights Book’.

Bogacki P, Peck DM, Nair RM, Howie J, Oldach KH (2013) Genetic analysis of tolerance to Boron toxicity in the legume Medicago truncatula. BMC Plant Biology 2013 13, 54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bolland MDA (1982) Pasture Research at Esperance. Report Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia.

Bolland MDA (1985) Serradella (Ornithopus sp.): maturity range and hard seed studies of some strains of five species. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 580-587.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Boschma S, Kidd D, Newell M, Stefanski A, Haling R, Hayes R, Ryan M, Simpson R (2019) Flowering time responses of serradella cultivars. In ‘Proceedings of the 19th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference’, 25–29 August 2019, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at http://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/

Bowman AM, Hebb DM, Munnich D, Rummery GL, Brockwell J (1995) Field persistence of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) inoculant for serradella (Ornithopus compresssus L. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 357-365.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bradford KJ (2002) Applications of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science 50(2), 248-260.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Carr SJ, Loi A, Howieson JH, Porqueddu C (1999) Attributes of Biserrula pelecinus L. (biserrula): a new pasture legume for sustainable farming on acidic sandy soils in Mediterranean environments. Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes 39, 87-90.
| Google Scholar |

Cocks PS, Mathison MJ, Crawford EJ (1980) From wild plants to pasture cultivars: annual medics and subterranean clover in southern Australia. In ‘Advances in legume science’. (Eds RJ Summerfield, AH Bunting) pp. 569–596. (Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew, London, UK)

Collins D (2011) Eliza. Plant Varieties Journal 24(3), 50-51.
| Google Scholar |

Condon J, Conyers M, Burns H, Hackney B, Orgill S, Jenkins L, Beange L (2021a) ‘Soil acidity and liming.’ 4th edn. AgFact Ac. 19. (NSW Department of Primary Industries) Available at https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1366421/AC.19-4th-edition-2021.pdf

Condon J, Burns H, Li G (2021b) The extent, significance and amelioration of subsurface acidity in southern New South Wales, Australia. Soil Research 59, 1-11.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Conlan DJ, Dear BS, Coombes NE (1994) Effect of grazing intensity and number of grazings on herbage production and seed yields of Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago murex, and Ornithopus compressus. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 181-188.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Lautour G (1988) Grasslands Koha pink serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) cultivar registration. Plant Varieties Journal 1(4), 16-19.
| Google Scholar |

Dear BS, Ewing MA (2008) The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48(4), 387-396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dear BS, Wilson BCD, Rodham CA, McCaskie P, Sandral GA (2002) Productivity and persistence of Trifolium hirtum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum and Ornithopus sativus sown as monocultures or in mixtures with T. subterraneum in the south-eastern Australian wheat belt. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, 549.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dear BS, Sandral GA, Virgona JM, Swan AD, Orchard BA, Cocks PS (2007) Lucerne, phalaris, and wallaby grass in short-term pasture phases in two eastern Australian wheatbelt environments. 2. Effect of perennial density and species on subterranean clover populations and the relative success of 3 clover cultivars of different maturity. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58(2), 123-135.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Denton MD, Pearce DJ, Ballard RA, Hannah MC, Mutch LA, Norng S, Slattery JF (2009) A multi-site field evaluation of granular inoculants for legume nodulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41, 2508-2516.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Denton MD, Phillips LA, Peoples MB, Pearce DJ, Swan AD, Mele PM, Brockwell J (2017) Legume inoculant application methods: effects on nodulation patterns, nitrogen fixation, crop growth and yield in narrow-leaf lupin and faba bean. Plant and Soil 419, 25-39.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dodd MB, Orr SJ (1995) Seasonal growth, flowering patterns, and phosphate response of 18 annual legume species grown in a hill-country soil. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 21-32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Donald CM (1970) Temperate pasture species. In ‘Australian grasslands’. (Ed. R Milton Moore) pp. 303−320. (ANU Press: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Donald G (2012) Analysis of Feed-base Audit. MLA Final Report.

Dorji T, Peck D, Philp J, Smith A, Lee S, Griffiths H, Wright A, Scholz N, Denton M (2023) Early autumn sowing demonstrations of hardseeded pod segments of French serradella on sandy soils. In ‘Eyre Peninsula Farming Systems Summary 2023’. pp. 155–159. (Minnipa Agricultural Centre, SARDI) Available at https://airep.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/EPFS_2023_26_earlyautumnsowingdemonstrationofhardseededpods_DORJIPECK.pdf

Dowling PM, Vimpany IA, Conyers MK, Millar GD, Helyar KR, Michalk DL, Nicol HI, Bradley J, Milham PJ, Hayes RC (2025) Changes in pasture and soil properties with liming and superphosphate application on five soils in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales over 12 years. Crop & Pasture Science 76(5), CP24336.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Drew TP (1989) Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Avila. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 302-303.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Edward AY, Ewing MA, Revell CK (1998) Fate of serradella, medic and biserrula seeds in pods ingested by sheep. In ‘Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference’, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia. (Eds DL Michalk, JE Pratley) pp. 199–202. (Australian Society of Agronomy: Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia)

Esashi Y, Leopold AC (1969) Dormancy regulation in subterranean clover seeds by ethylene. Plant Physiology 44, 1470-1472.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Evans J, Eberbach P, Luckett D, Cormack S (2001) Pre-Season soil establishment of legume inoculant rhizobia is not effective for the nodulation of lupin and faba bean crops in acidic soils. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41(8), 1149-1160.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ewing M (2002) UWA255 – Economic and environmental benefits of serradella adoption on highly acidic, low rainfall soils. Grains Research and Development Corporation. Available at https://grdc.com.au/research/reports/ [accessed 5 February 2025]

Farquharson EA, Ballard RA, Herridge DF, Ryder MH, Denton MD, Webster A, Yates RJ, Seymour NP, Deaker RJ, Hartley E, Gemmel LG, Hackney B, O’Hara GW (2022) Inoculating Legumes: Practice and Science. Grains Research and Development Corporation, Australia. Available at https://www.alosca.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Inoculating-Legumes-Practice-and-Science.pdf

Flohr BM, Ouzman J, McBeath TM, Rebetzke GJ, Kirkegaard JA, Llewellyn RS (2021) Redefining the link between rainfall and crop establishment in dryland cropping systems. Agricultural Systems 190, 103105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Francis CM, Gladstones JS (1974) Relationships among rate and duration of flowering and seed yield components in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25(3), 435-442.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freebairn RD (1990) ‘The history of serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in NSW: a miracle pasture for light soils.’ (NSW Government Printing Service: Dubbo, NSW, Australia)

Freebairn RD, Drew TP (1989) Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Elgara. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 305-306.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freebairn RD, Mullen CL, Matthews BA (1997) Pastures for acid soils in the north and central west. In ‘Proceedings Twelfth Annual Conference Grasslands Society NSW’, 28–30 July 1997, Dubbo, NSW, Australia. pp. 33–37. (Grasslands Society of NSW Inc.) Available at https://www.pgnsw.com.au/documents/conference-proceedings/1997/Freebairn-Mullen-Matthews-1997.pdf

Fu SM, Hampton JG, Williams WM (1994) Description and evaluation of serradella (Ornithopus L.) accessions. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 471-479.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ghosh S, Watson A, Gonzalez-Navarro OE, Ramirez-Gonzalez RH, Yanes L, Mendoza-Suárez M, Simmonds J, Wells R, Rayner T, Green P, Hafeez A, Hayta S, Melton RE, Steed A, Sarkar A, Carter J, Perkins L, Lord J, Tester M, Osbourn A, Moscou MJ, Nicholson P, Harwood W, Martin C, Domoney C, Uauy C, Hazard B, Wulff BBH, Hickey LT (2018) Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research. Nature Protocols 13, 2944-2963.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gillespie DJ (1990) Roles for new pasture legume species in Southern Australia. In ‘Agronomy Australia Proceedings’, Katanning Symposium’, WA, Australia, 1989. (Australian Society of Agronomy). Available at http://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/1989/invited/katanning-symposium/p-05.pdf

Gladstones JS (1976) Observations on the distribution and ecology in Iberia and North Africa of some annual legumes adapted to neutral and acid soils. Australian Plant Introduction Review 11, 9-23.
| Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Bolland MDA (1989a) Ornithopus Pinnatus (Miller) Druce (slender Serradella) cv. Jebala. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 303-304.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Bolland MDA (1989b) Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Eneabba. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 303-304.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Devitt AC (1971) Breeding and testing early-flowering strains of yellow-flowered serradella (Ornithopus compressus). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 11, 431-439.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Devitt AC (1972) Uniserra yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) cv. Uniserra. In ‘Register of Australian Herbage Plant Cultivars, Part B: Legumes’. (CSIRO Division of Plant Industry: Canberra, ACT)

Gladstones JS, McKeown NR (1977a) Serradella: a pasture legume for sandy soils. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia 18(4), 11-14 Available at https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol18/iss1/5.
| Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, McKeown NR (1977b) Botany and origins of serradella. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia 18(2), 4.
| Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Bolland MDA, Lloyd DL (1989) Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Madeira. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 304-305.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gladstones JS, Bolland MDA, Revell CK (1990) (a) Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Paros. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 443-444.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Goward LE, Haling RE, Smith RW, Penrose B, Simpson RJ (2023) Flowering responses of serradella (Ornithopus spp.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to vernalisation and photoperiod and their role in maturity type determination and flowering date stability. Crop & Pasture Science 74, 769-782.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Goward LE, Haling RE, Smith RW, Penrose B, Simpson RJ (2024a) Developmental patterns of flowers and pods and the effect on seed number in French serradella (Ornithopus sativus) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cultivars. Crop & Pasture Science 75, CP23324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Goward L, Haling RE, Stefanski A, Smith RW, Penrose B, Simpson RJ (2024b) Stable flowering dates among pasture legumes are associated with flowering regulation that requires longer vernalisation. In ‘Proceedings of the 21st Australian Society of Agronomy Conference’, 21–24 October 2024, Albany, WA, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy Inc.: Albany, WA, Australia) Available at http://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/

Guo YJ, Li GD, Hayes RC, Dear BS, Price A (2012) Tolerance of the annual legumes Biserrula pelecinus, Ornithopus sativa, Trifolium spumosum, T. vesiculosum and T. subterraneum to soil acidity. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 1-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hackney B, Flinn S, McCormick J, Piltz J, Orgill S (2019) The role of indeterminate growth, rooting depth and maturity time in establishing a legume seedbank under drought conditions. In ‘Proceedings of the 19th Australian Agronomy Conference’, 25–29 August 2019, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia. pp. 1–4. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at https://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2019/2019ASA_Hackney_Belinda_112.pdf

Hackney B, Rodham C, Dyce G, Piltz J (2021) Pasture legumes differ in herbage production and quality throughout spring, impacting their potential role in fodder conservation and animal production. Grass and Forage Science 76, 116-133.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Haling RE, Yang Z, Shadwell N, Culvenor RA, Stefanski A, Ryan MH, Sandral GA, Kidd DR, Lambers H, Simpson RJ (2016) Root morphological traits that determine phosphorus-acquisition efficiency and critical external phosphorus requirement in pasture species. Functional Plant Biology 43, 815.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Haling RE, Goward L, Stefanski A, Simpson RJ (2022) Variation in flowering time and flowering date stability within a cultivar of French serradella. Crop & Pasture Science 74, 756-768.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hamblin A, Hamblin J (1985) Root characteristics of some temperate legume species and varieties on deep, free-draining entisols. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 63.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harrison R (2022) Fran2o. Plant Varieties Journal 35(2), 98-100.
| Google Scholar |

Harrison RJ, Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Nutt BJ (2020) Long-term storage of forage legumes greatly alters the hard seed breakdown pattern in situ. Grass and Forage Science 76(1), 72-81.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harrison RJ, Nutt BJ, Yates RJ, Hackney BF, Howieson JG (2024) The de-domestication of Ornithopus sativus Brot. to develop cultivars with physical dormancy (hardseed). Grass and Forage Science 79(3), 366-380.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hartley E, Gemell LG, Herridge DF (2004) Lime pelleting inoculated serradella (Ornithopus spp.) increases nodulation and yield. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36, 1289-1294.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hayes RC, Li GD, Sandral GA, Swan TD, Price A, Hildebrand S, Goward L, Fuller C, Peoples MB (2017) Enhancing composition and persistence of mixed pasture swards in southern New South Wales through alternative spatial configurations and improved legume performance. Crop & Pasture Science 68, 1112.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hayes RC, Newell MT, Li GD, Haling RE, Harris CA, Culvenor RA, Badgery WB, Munday N, Price A, Stutz RS, Simpson RJ (2023) Legume persistence for grasslands in tableland environments of south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 74, 712-738.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hijmans RJ, van Etten J, Mattiuzzi M, Braverman MR, et al. (2022) raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package version 3.5-21. Available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster

Hill MJ (1996) Potential adaptation zones for temperate pasture species as constrained by climate: a knowledge-based logical modelling approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 1095-1117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hirakawa H, Kaur P, Shirasawa K, Nichols P, Nagano S, Appels R, Erskine W, Isobe SN (2016) Draft genome sequence of subterranean clover, a reference for genus Trifolium. Scientific Reports 6, 30358.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Howieson J, Ballard R (2004) Optimising the legume symbiosis in stressful and competitive environments within southern Australia: some contemporary thoughts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, 1261-1273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Howieson JG, O’Hara GW, Carr SJ (2000) Changing roles for legumes in Mediterranean agriculture: developments from an Australian perspective. Field Crops Research 65(2), 107-122.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Howieson JG, Harrison RJ, Yates RJ, Hackney B, Loi A, Nutt BJ (2021) Hard seed breakdown patterns of unprocessed forage legume seed sown into dry soil in summer in southern Australia. Grass and Forage Science 76, 82-92.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Iglesias I, Lloveras J (2000) Forage production and quality of serradella in mild winter areas in north-west Spain. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 35-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kang Y, Li M, Sinharoy S, Verdier J (2020) A snapshot of functional genetic studies in Medicago truncatula. In ‘The model legume Medicago truncatula’. (Ed. F de Bruijn) pp. 7–30. (John Wiley & Sons) doi:10.1002/9781119409144.ch02

Kaur P, Bayer PE, Milec Z, Vrána J, Yuan Y, Appels R, Edwards D, Batley J, Nichols P, Erskine W, Doležel J (2017) An advanced reference genome of Trifolium subterraneum L. reveals genes related to agronomic performance. Plant Biotechnology Journal 15, 1034-1046.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kidd DR, Di Bella CE, Kotula L, Colmer TD, Ryan MH, Striker GG (2020) Defining the waterlogging tolerance of Ornithopus spp. for the temperate pasture zone of southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 71, 506.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kidd DR, Ryan MH, Colmer TD, Simpson RJ (2021) Root growth response of serradella species to aluminium in solution culture and soil. Grass and Forage Science 76, 57-71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Latham LJ, Jones RAC, McKirdy SJ (2001) Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection of cool-season crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes: susceptibility, sensitivity, and seed transmission. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52(6), 683.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Latta R, Moodie M (2022) Development of new pasture systems in NW Victoria. In ‘Proceedings of the 20th Agronomy Australia Conference’, 18–22 September 2022, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at https://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2022/Pastures/ASAmoodie_m_423s.pdf

Ledgard SF (2001) Nitrogen cycling in low input legume-based agriculture, with emphasis on legume/grass pastures. Plant and Soil 228, 43-59.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Li GD, Conyers MK, Helyar KR, Lisle CJ, Poile GJ, Cullis BR (2019) Long-term surface application of lime ameliorates subsurface soil acidity in the mixed farming zone of south-eastern Australia. Geoderma 338, 236-246.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Li GD, Newell MT, Boschma SP, Meyer R, Wood JA, Badgery WB, Hayes RC (2025) Agronomic performance, herbage quality, methane yield and methane emission potential of pasture mixtures. Crop & Pasture Science 76(4), 1-21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lloveras J, Iglesias I (1998) Accumulation of dry matter and evolution of nutritive value in serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.). Agronomy Journal 90, 59-63.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lockley P, Wu H (2008) Herbicide tolerance in pasture legumes and herbs. In ‘Proceedings of 16th Australian Weeds Conference’, 18–22 May 2008, Cairns, Qld, Australia. pp. 319–322. (Queensland Weeds Society: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Lodge GM, Harden S (2007) Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 2. Trifolium and Medicago spp. and other legumes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 563-574.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Loi A, Yates R (2020) Twin sowing and summer sowing: alternative techniques to introduce annual legumes into pastures. Available at https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pasture-establishment/twin-sowing-and-summer-sowing-alternative-techniques-introduce-annual-legumes.

Loi A, Howieson JG, Nutt BJ, Carr SJ (2005) A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 289.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Loi A, Nutt BJ, Flower K (2012) Twin sowing: a new technique to reduce the costs of pasture establishment. In ‘Proceedings of the 14th Australian Agronomy Conference’, 21–25 September 2008, Adelaide, SA, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at http://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2008/concurrent/new-pastures-forage-options/5580_loia.pdf

Loi A, Revell C, Nutt B (2021) Technical dossier for SerraMax Yellow Serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.). Available at https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Technical%20dossier%20for%20SerraMax%20-%20Final%20version%207%20Dec%20%28A5516500%29.pdf

Mackay AD, Caradus JR, Wewala S (1991) Aluminium tolerance of forage species. In ‘Plant–Soil Interactions at Low pH’. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol. 45. (Eds RJ Wright, VC Baligar, RP Murrmann) pp. 925–930. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

Mackie JM, Lloyd DL, Ryley MJ, Irwin JG (1999) Fungal diseases of temperate annual pasture legumes in southern Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39(6), 699-707.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Maino JL, Umina PA, Pavri C, Cheng X, Ridsdill-Smith J (2024) Adapting pest management strategies to changing climates for the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor. Scientific Reports 14, 16939.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Martin G, Smith RW, Hall EJ, Newell MT, Haling R, Hayes RC (2023) Yellotas: a unique yellow serradella cultivar with potential for permanent pasture environments. In ‘Proceedings of the Pasture Legumes for Sustainable Productive Systems Symposium’, 4–6 July 2023, Perth, WA, Australia. Australian Grassland Association Research Series No. 6. (Ed. B Cullen) pp. 35–39. (Australian Grassland Association Inc.) Available at https://australiangrassland.org.au/aga/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AGA-Pasture-legumes-for-sustainable-productive-systems-2023.pdf

McLachlan JW, Becquer A, Haling RE, Simpson RJ, Flavel RJ, Guppy CN (2020) Intrinsic root morphology determines the phosphorus acquisition efficiency of five annual pasture legumes irrespective of mycorrhizal colonisation. Functional Plant Biology 48, 156-170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Michalk DL, Campbell MH (2002) Effect of surface-sown pod:seed mixtures on serradella establishment and persistence on rangelands in central New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42(2), 143-148.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Michalk DL, Revell CK (1993) Serradella (Ornithopus spp.) research: An Australian overview. In ‘Alternative Pasture Legumes 1993: Proceedings of the Second National Alternative Pasture Legumes Workshop’, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 1993. Technical Report 219. (Eds DL Michalk, AD Craig, WJ Collins) pp. 39–46. (Department of Primary Industries, South Australia)

Monjardino M, Loi A, Thomas DT, Revell CK, Flohr BM, Llewellyn RS, Norman HC (2022) Improved legume pastures increase economic value, resilience and sustainability of crop–livestock systems. Agricultural Systems 203, 103519.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Morley FHW (1961) Subterranean clover. In ‘Advances in Agronomy’. (Ed. AG Norman) pp. 57–123. (Academic Press)

Moss WM, Guzzomi AL, Foster KJ, Ryan MH, Nichols PGH (2021) Harvesting subterranean clover seed – current practices, technology and issues. Crop & Pasture Science 72, 223-235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mueller-Harvey I (2006) Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86(13), 2010-2037.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Newell MT, Haling RE, Hayes RC, Stefanski A, Li GD, Simpson RJ (2022) Hard seed breakdown patterns of serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in two contrasting environments of south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 74(8), 700-711.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocker GJ, Snowball R, Hughes EJ, Hall EJ, Foster KJ, Skinner PW, Barbetti MJ, You MP (2007) New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture – 15 years of revolution. Field Crops Research 104, 10-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nichols PGH, Revell CK, Humphries AW, Howie JH, Hall EJ, Sandral GA, Ghamkhar K, Harris CA (2012) Temperate pasture legumes in Australia: their history, current use, and future prospects. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 691 725.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nichols PGH, Foster KJ, Piano E, Pecetti L, Kaur P, Ghamkhar K, Collins WJ (2013) Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 1. Germplasm, traits and future prospects. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 312-346.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Norman HC, Masters DG (2023) Livestock preference and feeding value as key determinants for forage improvement – why not ask the consumers? Animal Production Science 63, 1161-1176.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

NSW DPI (2025) Serradella – Part D Introduction. Available at https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pastures-and-rangelands/species-varieties/serradella/part-d [accessed 5 January 2025]

Nutt BJ (1993) Dehulling serradella pods: recent developments and implications for seed quality. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd National Alternative Pasture Legumes Workshop’, Coonawarra, SA. pp. 71–73. (Primary Industries South Australia)

Nutt BJ (1997) Cadiz French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) cultivar registration. Plant Varieties Journal 10(2), 12-14.
| Google Scholar |

Nutt B (2003) Yelbini. Plant Varieties Journal 17(1), 547-549.
| Google Scholar |

Nutt B (2004a) Margurita. Plant Varieties Journal 17(3), 311-312.
| Google Scholar |

Nutt B (2004b) Erica. Plant Varieties Journal 17(3), 313-315.
| Google Scholar |

Nutt B (2008) Incidence and inheritance of hard-seededness and early maturity in Ornithopus sativus. PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Australia.

Nutt BJ, Paterson J (1997) Cadiz French serradella: a new pasture variety for deep acid soils (Farmnote) 12/97. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Available at https://irwinhunter.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/cadiz_serradella_publication.pdf

Nutt BJ, Harrison RJ, McComb JA, Howieson JG (2020) The breeding system of Ornithopus sativus Brot. subsp. sativus. Grass and Forage Science 76, 3-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nutt BJ, Loi A, Hackney B, Yates RJ, D’Antuono M, Harrison RJ, Howieson JG (2021) “Summer sowing”: A successful innovation to increase the adoption of key species of annual forage legumes for agriculture in Mediterranean and temperate environments. Grass and Forage Science 76, 93-104.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Oldach KH, Peck DM, Cheong J, Williams KJ, Nair RM (2008) Identification of a chemically induced point mutation mediating herbicide tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.). Annals of Botany 101, 997-1005.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Oldach KH, Peck DM, Nair RM, Sokolova M, Harris J, Bogacki P, Ballard R (2014) Genetic analysis of tolerance to the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus in the legume Medicago littoralis. BMC Plant Biology 14, 100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Oram R (1987) Serradella, Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella), cv. Tauro. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53, 312-313.
| Google Scholar |

Oram RN (1992) 11. Serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) cv. Pitman. In ‘Register of Australian Herbage Plant Cultivars. Part B: Legumes’. (CSIRO Division of Plant Industry: Canberra, ACT)

Ozanne PG, Asher CJ, Kirton DJ (1965) Root distribution in a deep sand and its relationship to the uptake of added potassium by pasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 785-800.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paynter BH (1992) Comparison of the phosphate requirements of burr medic and yellow serradella with subterranean clover in the low rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 1077-1086.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paynter B, Bolland M (1993) Comparison of the Phosphate Requirements of Burr Medic and Yellow Serradella with that of Wheat in the Low Rainfall Wheat-Belt of Western-Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, 145-157.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pazos-Navarro M, Castello M, Bennett RG, Nichols P, Croser J (2017) In vitro-assisted single-seed descent for breeding-cycle compression in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Crop & Pasture Science 68, 958-966.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Peck D, Damin T (2022) Speed breeding methodologies delivers two new barrel medic cultivars to farmers within 6.5 years of breeding commencing. In ‘Proceedings of the 20th Australian Agronomy Conference’, 18–22 September 2022, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at http://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2022/Pastures/ASApeckXXX__d_341s.pdf

Peck D, Palmer R, Hawkey D, Ballard R, Oldach K, Sutton T, Howie J (2015) The development of a mid-season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) cultivar with tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicide residues. In ‘Proceedings of the 17th Australian Agronomy Conference’, 20–24 September 2015, Hobart, Tas, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org

Peck DM, Michelmore S, Sutton T (2021) Genetic analysis of boron tolerance in burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.). Crop & Pasture Science 72(9), 634-640.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Peck DM, Humphries AW, Ballard RA (2023) Development of methods to overcome physiological seed dormancy of temperate annual pasture legumes to assist speed breeding. Crop & Pasture Science 74(8), 797-808.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Hunt JR, Swan AD, Watson L, Hayes RC, Li GD, Hackney B, Nuttall JG, Davies SL, Fillery IRP (2012) Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 759.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pook M, Lisson S, Risbey J, Ummenhofer CC, McIntosh P, Rebbeck M (2009) The autumn break for cropping in southeast Australia: trends, synoptic influences and impacts on wheat yield. International Journal of Climatology 29, 2012-2026.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Revell C (1992) New yellow serradella varieties for low rainfall pastures. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 33(3), Article 9 Available at https://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol33/iss3/9.
| Google Scholar |

Revell C, Thomas D (2004) Management of crop weeds through the strategic use of annual pasture. In ‘Weed management: balancing people, planet, profit. 14th Australian Weeds Conference’. Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.

Revell C, Nutt B, Ewing M (1998a) Success with Serradella in the wheatbelt. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 39(1), Article 6 Available at https://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol39/iss1/6.
| Google Scholar |

Revell CK, Taylor GB, Cocks PS (1998b) Long-term softening of surface and buried hard seeds of yellow serradella grown in a range of environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 673-686.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Revell CK, Taylor GB, Cocks PS (1999) Effect of length of growing season on development of hard seeds in yellow serradella and their subsequent softening at various depths of burial. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1211-1223.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Revell CK, Ewing MA, Real D, Nichols PGH, Sandral GA (2013) Commercialisation and impacts of pasture legumes in southern Australia – lessons learnt. In ‘Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities: Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress’, 15–19 September 2013, Sydney, NSW, Australia. (Eds DL Michalk, GD Millar, WB Badgery, KM Broadfoot) (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries: Orange, NSW, Australia) Available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/22/1-3/2

Rigg JL, Webster AT, Harvey DM, Orgill SE, Galea F, Dando AG, Collins DP, Harris CA, Newell MT, Badgery WB, Hayes RC (2021) Cross-host compatibility of commercial rhizobial strains for new and existing pasture legume cultivars in south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 72, 652-665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers D, Lauritsen N (2004) Herbicide Tolerance of Pasture Legumes. Published in Northern Agricultural Region Trial and Demonstration Reports and GRDC Agribusiness Crop Updates, Perth, WA, Australia.

Rose RJ (2008) Medicago truncatula as a model for understanding plant interactions with other organisms, plant development and stress biology: past, present and future. Functional Plant Biology 35, 253 264.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ross MA, Harper JL (1972) Occupation of biological space during seedling establishment. Journal of Ecology 60(1), 77-88.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rossiter RC, Collins WJ, Klein L (1985) Winter growth and nutritive quality of serradella (Ornithopus spp.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 362-366.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sandral G, Dear B (2005) Weed control options in annual pasture legumes. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), Publication No. 05/102, Project No. DAN-163A. ISBN: 1 74151 165 8. ISSN: 1440-6845.

Sandral GA, Dear BS, Virgona JM, Swan AD, Orchard BA (2006) Changes in soil water content under annual- and perennial-based pasture systems in the wheatbelt of southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57(3), 321.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sandral GA, Haling RE, Ryan MH, Price A, Pitt WM, Hildebrand SM, Fuller CG, Kidd DR, Stefanski A, Lambers H, Simpson RJ (2018) Intrinsic capacity for nutrient foraging predicts critical external phosphorus requirement of 12 pasture legumes. Crop & Pasture Science 69, 174-182.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sandral GA, Price A, Hildebrand SM, Fuller CG, Haling RE, Stefanski A, Yang Z, Culvenor RA, Ryan MH, Kidd DR, Diffey S, Lambers H, Simpson RJ (2019) Field benchmarking of the critical external phosphorus requirements of pasture legumes for southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 70, 1080-1096.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sanford P, Pate JS, Unkovich MJ (1994) A survey of proportional dependence of subterranean clover and other pasture legumes on N₂ fixation in south-west Australia utilizing ¹⁵N natural abundance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45(1), 165-181.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scott JF, Lodge GM, McCormick LH (2000a) Economics of increasing the persistence of sown pastures: costs, stocking rate and cash flow. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 313-323.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scott BJ, Ridley AM, Conyers MK (2000b) Management of soil acidity in long-term pastures of south-eastern Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 1173-1198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shipton QA, Parker CA (1967) Nodulation of lime pelleted lupins and serradella when inoculated with peat and agar cultures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 7(26), 259-262.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shirasawa K, Moraga R, Ghelfi A, Hirakawa H, Nagasaki H, Ghamkhar K, Barrett BA, Griffiths AG, Isobe SN (2023) An improved reference genome for Trifolium subterraneum L. provides insight into molecular diversity and intra-specific phylogeny. Frontiers in Plant Science 14, 1103857.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simpson R (2020) B.PSP.0018 – Phosphorus efficient pastures: delivering high nitrogen and water use efficiency, and reducing cost of production across southern Australia – Evaluation report. Meat & Livestock Australia. Available at https://www.mla.com.au/research-and-development/reports/2023/b.psp.0018---phosphorus-efficient-pastures-delivering-high-nitrogen-and-water-use-efficiency-and-reducing-cost-of-production-across-southern-australia--evaluation-report/

Simpson RJ, Haling RE (2021) Delivering improved phosphorus acquisition by root systems in pasture and arable crops. Available at https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/a-z-chapters/d/delivering-improved-phosphorus-acquisition-by-root-systems-in-pasture-and-arable-crops/.

Simpson RJ, Richardson AE, Nichols SN, Crush JR (2014) Pasture plants and soil fertility management to improve the efficiency of phosphorus fertiliser use in temperate grassland systems. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 556-575.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simpson RJ, Boschma SP, Kidd DR, Newell MT, Stefanski A, Haling RE, Ryan MH, Hayes RC, Goward L (2025) Maturity type and flowering date instability among serradella (Ornithopus spp.) cultivars. Crop Science 65(3), e70083.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Smith L (2022) Serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cv. Serramax. Plant Varieties Journal 35(1), 170-172.
| Google Scholar |

Smith RW, Harris CA, Cox K, McClements D, Clark SG, Hossain Z, Humphries AW (2021) A history of Australian pasture genetic resource collections. Crop & Pasture Science 72, 591-612.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Snowball R (1990) Preliminary agronomic evaluation and characterization of the genetic resources of Trifolium and Ornithopus species. Report. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Snowball R (1996) The Australian germplasm of pink flowering serradella species. In ‘Proceedings of the 8th Australian Agronomy Conference’, 30 September–3 October 1996, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy) Available at https://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/1996/contributed/506snowball.pdf

Stratton (1996) Hybrid serradella (Ornithopus sativus × Ornithopus compressus) cv. Grasslands Spectra. Plant Varieties Journal 9(4), 30-31.
| Google Scholar |

Sumner M, Cook D, Herenu D (2021) ozmaps: Australia Maps. R package version 0.4.5. Available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ozmaps/index.html

Taylor GB (1970) The germinability of soft seed of a number of strains of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10, 293-297.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor GB (2004) Effect of temperature and state of hydration on rate of imbibition in soft seeds of yellow serradella. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(1), 39-45.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor GB (2005) Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual pasture legumes in Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 645-661.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor GB, Revell CK (1999) Effect of pod burial, light, and temperature on seed softening in yellow serradella. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1203-1209.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor GB, Revell CK (2002) Seed softening, imbibition time, and seedling establishment in yellow serradella. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 1011-1018.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor AO, Hughes KA, Hunt BJ, Latch GCM (1979) I. A survey of lines for yield and disease resistance at Kaitaia and Palmerston North. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 7, 141-147.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (2017) A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. TAXON 66, 44-77.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thomas DT, Flohr BM, Monjardino M, Loi A, Llewellyn RS, Lawes RA, Norman HC (2021) Selecting higher nutritive value annual pasture legumes increases the profitability of sheep production. Agricultural Systems 194, 103272.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Unkovich M (2010) A simple, self adjusting rule for identifying seasonal breaks for crop models. In ‘Proceedings of the 15th Agronomy Conference 2010’, Lincoln, New Zealand. (Australian Society of Agronomy: Lincoln, NZ) Available at https://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2010/crop-production/sequence/7129_unkovich.htm#TopOfPage

Veerappan V, Kadel K, Alexis N, Scott A, Kryvoruchko I, Sinharoy S, Taylor M, Udvardi M, Dickstein R (2014) Keel petal incision: a simple and efficient method for genetic crossing in Medicago truncatula. Plant Methods 10, 11.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Visnevschi-Necrasov T, Harris DJ, Faria MA, Pereira G, Nunes E (2012) Phylogeny and genetic diversity within Iberian populations of Ornithopus L. and Biserrula L. estimated using ITS DNA sequences. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 10(1), 149-154.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Watson A, Ghosh S, Williams MJ, Cuddy WS, Simmonds J, Rey M-D, Asyraf Md Hatta M, Hinchliffe A, Steed A, Reynolds D, Adamski NM, Breakspear A, Korolev A, Rayner T, Dixon LE, Riaz A, Martin W, Ryan M, Edwards D, Batley J, Raman H, Carter J, Rogers C, Domoney C, Moore G, Harwood W, Nicholson P, Dieters MJ, DeLacy IH, Zhou J, Uauy C, Boden SA, Park RF, Wulff BBH, Hickey LT (2018) Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. Nature Plants 4, 23-29.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Weeldenburg JR, Smith RW (1969) Dehulling and scarifying serradella seed. Journal of Agriculture 10(5), 230-231.
| Google Scholar |

Williams WM, De LG, Williams EG (1987) A hybrid between Ornithopus sativus and O. compressus cv. pitman obtained with the aid of ovule–embryo culture. Australian Journal of Botany 35, 219-226.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilmot MG, Norman HC, Hendry J, Young P, Hulm E, Toovey A, Speijers J, Harrison R (2023) Sheep grazing Trigonella balansae had productivity, health and meat quality similar to sheep grazing subterranean clover or French serradella. Animal Production Science 63, 152-167.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

You MP, Lancaster B (2008) Cross-pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani strains on pasture legumes in pasture-crop rotations. Plant and Soil 302, 203-211.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |