Geomechanical modelling of hydrogen storage at the CO2CRC Otway International Test Centre
R. Puspitasari A * , H. W. Moh A , E. Tenthorey B , Z. J. Pallikathekathil A , R. Dandekar A , M. A. Giddins C , O. Suriyanto D and A. J. Feitz BA
B
C
D
![]() Ratih Puspitasari is a Senior Geomechanics Engineer at SLB in Australia. She holds a Master of Petroleum Engineering from Curtin University. With over 20 years of experience in the oil and gas industry, Ratih has worked in various areas, including cementing, stimulation, reservoir, and production. For the past 15 years, she has specialised in geomechanics, applying her expertise to a wide variety of applications such as drilling optimisation, methane hydrate modelling, and sanding analysis. Her current interests include 3D geomechanical modelling, carbon capture, and unconventional reservoirs. |
![]() Hsiao Wun Moh graduated with a Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2001 and subsequently joined SLB. With more than 20 years in the energy industry, he has worked in Canada, Malaysia, and is presently based in Australia. He began his career as a Wireline Field Engineer and has since transitioned to his current role as Senior Reservoir Engineer. His expertise includes formation testing, downhole fluid sampling, production logging interpretation, and reservoir simulation. He is experienced in field development planning for conventional reservoirs and, more recently, in carbon capture and storage (CCS) over the past few years. |
![]() Eric Tenthorey is a Senior Researcher at Geoscience Australia, with expertise in geomechanics, carbon capture, and other low carbon geoscience disciplines. He holds a PhD from Columbia University and subsequently worked as a researcher at the Australian National University. In 2007, he was engaged by Geoscience Australia to work as a geomechanics expert, focused on developing and proving up CCS technology. More recently, his work has centred on other low carbon geoscience sectors, such as the hydrogen energy future, geothermal energy, and CO2 storage in residual oil zones. |
![]() Zachariah John Pallikathekathil graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in Mechanical Engineering. He has held technical and management positions in wireline and logging-while-drilling log acquisition and interpretation. His passion for geomechanics and its multi-disciplinary requirement drew him into the field of geomechanics 15 years ago. He is currently involved in rock testing design, construction of 1D and 3D mechanical earth models for addressing issues on wellbore stability (drilling), completion integrity (sanding, casing), compaction–subsidence, and fault stability over the life of the field for oil and gas reservoirs and CCS projects. He is a member of SPE and was the past President of the SPWLA chapter in Australia in 2010 and 2011. |
![]() Rashmin Dandekar is a Reservoir Engineer at SLB with over 32 years of experience in the upstream oil and gas industry. He holds a Master’s Degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University. Throughout his career, Rashmin has specialised in several key areas of reservoir engineering, including reservoir management, reservoir characterisation and modelling, dynamic simulation, field development planning, uncertainty and risk analysis, reserves estimation, and classical reservoir engineering. Currently, he is focused on various aspects of subsurface storage of CO2 and hydrogen, including fluid modelling, thermal modelling, and related areas. |
![]() Marie Ann Giddins is an Advisor in Reservoir Engineering, based in SLB’s Abingdon Technology Center in the UK. She has a BA in Mathematics from the University of Oxford and MSc in Operational Research from the University of Sussex, plus over 30 years of experience in the energy industry. Marie Ann provides technical advice to SLB and clients on reservoir simulation software, workflows, and integrated studies. Her areas of expertise include advanced reservoir engineering applications such as enhanced oil recovery (chemical enhanced oil recovery, miscible injection, and thermal studies), unconventional reservoirs, and non-Darcy flow in gas condensate fields. Her current focus is on new energy, including subsurface studies of CO2, hydrogen, geothermal reservoirs, and critical minerals. She is a mentor and coach for trainees and experienced engineers at all stages of professional development and has supervised over 80 student intern projects. |
![]() Olivia Suriyanto is a Reservoir Engineer with experience in formation testing, downhole fluid analysis, production logging, reservoir simulation, wellbore stability analysis, and wireline logging operations. She holds a Master of Petroleum Engineering from Curtin University (Australia), and a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia). Olivia was previously a Senior Reservoir Engineer with SLB’s asset consulting team, focusing on reservoir simulation for oil and gas application, CCS, and underground gas storage. Her current interests are still related to new energy and energy transition, combined with an ongoing data science course, and with a dash of crafting and writing. |
![]() Andrew Feitz is an Environmental Engineer and Director of Low Carbon Geoscience and Advice at Geoscience Australia. He holds a PhD from UNSW and worked as a senior researcher in air and water treatment technologies at UNSW and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany). He moved to Canberra in 2008 and joined Geoscience Australia where he developed and led a research program to evaluate monitoring techniques for geological storage of carbon dioxide. Andrew leads Geoscience Australia’s efforts supporting establishment of a hydrogen industry in Australia and was a member of the Advisory Group for the 2024 National Hydrogen Strategy. |
Abstract
As part of the former ‘Exploring for the Future’ program (2016–2024), the Australian Government committed significant resources to lay the foundations for the nation’s future hydrogen economy. One component was to understand how to identify, characterise, and operate potential hydrogen storage sites. This paper presents a case study of hydrogen storage in a depleted gas field, focusing on geomechanical behaviour, using data from the CO2CRC Otway International Test Centre in Australia. This study is the first to compare fluid dynamic behaviour and geomechanical risks of hydrogen storage with the more extensively studied methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. At reservoir depth, hydrogen exhibits large differences in density, compressibility, viscosity, and thermal properties compared to the other gases, necessitating different operational approaches for underground storage. The study’s uniqueness lies in the inclusion of coupled reservoir geomechanics with thermal simulation in reservoir and cap rock, using a high-resolution grid around the wellbore. A key finding is that hydrogen storage causes significantly less thermal perturbation compared to methane and CO2 storage under an identical reservoir injection volume. The fault reactivation and wellbore fracturing risk due to thermally-induced stress changes are lower in hydrogen storage compared to CO2 storage. Simulations suggest that reducing the injection rate dampens both temperature and pressure effects, further reducing the risk of wellbore fracturing and fault reactivation. This study highlights the potential advantages of integrating reservoir flow simulation with geomechanical risk assessment. Implementing dynamic control mechanisms in coupled simulations could optimise injection rates without compromising underground storage safety.
Keywords: CO2 storage, depleted gas field, fault stability, gas storage, geomechanics, hydrogen storage, reservoir simulation, thermal modelling, wellbore fracturing.
![]() Ratih Puspitasari is a Senior Geomechanics Engineer at SLB in Australia. She holds a Master of Petroleum Engineering from Curtin University. With over 20 years of experience in the oil and gas industry, Ratih has worked in various areas, including cementing, stimulation, reservoir, and production. For the past 15 years, she has specialised in geomechanics, applying her expertise to a wide variety of applications such as drilling optimisation, methane hydrate modelling, and sanding analysis. Her current interests include 3D geomechanical modelling, carbon capture, and unconventional reservoirs. |
![]() Hsiao Wun Moh graduated with a Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2001 and subsequently joined SLB. With more than 20 years in the energy industry, he has worked in Canada, Malaysia, and is presently based in Australia. He began his career as a Wireline Field Engineer and has since transitioned to his current role as Senior Reservoir Engineer. His expertise includes formation testing, downhole fluid sampling, production logging interpretation, and reservoir simulation. He is experienced in field development planning for conventional reservoirs and, more recently, in carbon capture and storage (CCS) over the past few years. |
![]() Eric Tenthorey is a Senior Researcher at Geoscience Australia, with expertise in geomechanics, carbon capture, and other low carbon geoscience disciplines. He holds a PhD from Columbia University and subsequently worked as a researcher at the Australian National University. In 2007, he was engaged by Geoscience Australia to work as a geomechanics expert, focused on developing and proving up CCS technology. More recently, his work has centred on other low carbon geoscience sectors, such as the hydrogen energy future, geothermal energy, and CO2 storage in residual oil zones. |
![]() Zachariah John Pallikathekathil graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in Mechanical Engineering. He has held technical and management positions in wireline and logging-while-drilling log acquisition and interpretation. His passion for geomechanics and its multi-disciplinary requirement drew him into the field of geomechanics 15 years ago. He is currently involved in rock testing design, construction of 1D and 3D mechanical earth models for addressing issues on wellbore stability (drilling), completion integrity (sanding, casing), compaction–subsidence, and fault stability over the life of the field for oil and gas reservoirs and CCS projects. He is a member of SPE and was the past President of the SPWLA chapter in Australia in 2010 and 2011. |
![]() Rashmin Dandekar is a Reservoir Engineer at SLB with over 32 years of experience in the upstream oil and gas industry. He holds a Master’s Degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University. Throughout his career, Rashmin has specialised in several key areas of reservoir engineering, including reservoir management, reservoir characterisation and modelling, dynamic simulation, field development planning, uncertainty and risk analysis, reserves estimation, and classical reservoir engineering. Currently, he is focused on various aspects of subsurface storage of CO2 and hydrogen, including fluid modelling, thermal modelling, and related areas. |
![]() Marie Ann Giddins is an Advisor in Reservoir Engineering, based in SLB’s Abingdon Technology Center in the UK. She has a BA in Mathematics from the University of Oxford and MSc in Operational Research from the University of Sussex, plus over 30 years of experience in the energy industry. Marie Ann provides technical advice to SLB and clients on reservoir simulation software, workflows, and integrated studies. Her areas of expertise include advanced reservoir engineering applications such as enhanced oil recovery (chemical enhanced oil recovery, miscible injection, and thermal studies), unconventional reservoirs, and non-Darcy flow in gas condensate fields. Her current focus is on new energy, including subsurface studies of CO2, hydrogen, geothermal reservoirs, and critical minerals. She is a mentor and coach for trainees and experienced engineers at all stages of professional development and has supervised over 80 student intern projects. |
![]() Olivia Suriyanto is a Reservoir Engineer with experience in formation testing, downhole fluid analysis, production logging, reservoir simulation, wellbore stability analysis, and wireline logging operations. She holds a Master of Petroleum Engineering from Curtin University (Australia), and a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia). Olivia was previously a Senior Reservoir Engineer with SLB’s asset consulting team, focusing on reservoir simulation for oil and gas application, CCS, and underground gas storage. Her current interests are still related to new energy and energy transition, combined with an ongoing data science course, and with a dash of crafting and writing. |
![]() Andrew Feitz is an Environmental Engineer and Director of Low Carbon Geoscience and Advice at Geoscience Australia. He holds a PhD from UNSW and worked as a senior researcher in air and water treatment technologies at UNSW and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany). He moved to Canberra in 2008 and joined Geoscience Australia where he developed and led a research program to evaluate monitoring techniques for geological storage of carbon dioxide. Andrew leads Geoscience Australia’s efforts supporting establishment of a hydrogen industry in Australia and was a member of the Advisory Group for the 2024 National Hydrogen Strategy. |
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