Prompting lifestyle interventions to promote weight loss is safe, effective and patient-centred: No

1  NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC).. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017; 390(10113): 2627-42.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

2  Ministry of Health. Annual Data Explorer 2020/21: New Zealand Health Survey [Data File]; 2021. Available at https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz-health-survey-2020-21-annual-data-explorer/

3  Puhl RM, Heuer CA. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(6): 1019-28.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

4  Wiebe N, Lloyd A, Crumley ET, et al. Associations between body mass index and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24(10): e13588.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

5  Moharram MA, Aitken-Buck HM, Reijers R, et al. Correlation between epicardial adipose tissue and body mass index in New Zealand ethnic populations. N Z Med J 2020; 133(1516): 22-32.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

6  Tomiyama AJ, Hunger JM, Nguyen-Cuu J, et al. Misclassification of cardiometabolic health when using body mass index categories in NHANES 2005-2012. Int J Obes 2016; 40(5): 883-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

7  Nutter S, Eggerichs LA, Nagpal TS, et al. Changing the global obesity narrative to recognize and reduce weight stigma: a position statement from the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev 2023; e13642.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

8  World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2023. Available at https://www.who.int/health‐topics/social‐determinants‐of‐health#tab=tab_1

9  Matheson EM, King DE, Everett CJ. Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals. J Am Board Fam Med 2012; 25(1): 9-15.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

10  Tylka TL, Annunziato RA, Burgard D, et al. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. J Obes 2014; 2014: 983495.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

11  Bacon L, Aphramor L. Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutr J 2011; 10(1): 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

12  Ministry of Health. Clinical Guidelines for Weight Management in New Zealand Adults, 2017. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

13  Fildes A, Charlton J, Rudisill C, et al. Probability of an obese person attaining normal body weight: cohort study using electronic health records. Am J Public Health 2015; 105: e54-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

14  Enneking C. In K. Cloyd, Fat Women are Tired of Being Treated Poorly By Doctors. Scary Mommy, 8 November 2019. Available at https://www.scarymommy.com/doctors-stop-dismissing-fat-people

15  Silvestris E, de Pergola G, Rosania R, et al. Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16: 22.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

16  Einarsson S, Bergh C, Friberg B, et al. Weight reduction intervention for obese infertile women prior to IVF: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2017; 32(8): 1621-30.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

17  Wang Z, Groen H, Van Zomeren KC, et al. Lifestyle intervention prior to IVF does not improve embryo utilization rate and cumulative live birth rate in women with obesity: a nested cohort study. Hum Reprod Open 2021; 2021(4): hoab032.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

18  Legro RS, Hansen KR, Diamond MP, et al. Effects of preconception lifestyle intervention in infertile women with obesity: the FIT-PLESE randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2022; 19(1): e1003883.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

19  Pavlovic N, Boland RA, Brady B, et al. Effect of weight‐loss diets prior to elective surgery on postoperative outcomes in obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Obes 2021; 11(6): e12485.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

20  Soper B, Walls J. Auckland surgeons must now consider ethnicity in prioritising patients for operations – some are not happy. New Zealand Herald, 19 June 2023. Available at www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/auckland-surgeons-must-now-consider-ethnicity-in-prioritising-patients-for-operations-some-are-not-happy/ONGOC263IFCF3LADSRR6VTGQWE/

21  O'hara L, Gregg J. The war on obesity: a social determinant of health. Health Promot J Austr 2006; 17(3): 260-3.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

22  Boston Medical Center. Fatphobia. 2013. Available at https://www.bmc.org/glossary-culture-transformation/fatphobia

23  Gudzune KA, Beach MC, Roter DL, et al. Physicians build less rapport with obese patients. Obesity 2013; 21(10): 2146-52.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

24  Alberga AS, Edache IY, Forhan M, et al. Weight bias and health care utilization: a scoping review. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2019; 20: E116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

25  Remmert JE, Convertino AD, Roberts SR, et al. Stigmatizing weight experiences in health care: associations with BMI and eating behaviours. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5(6): 555-63.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

26  Mensinger JL, Tylka TL, Calamari ME. Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: a study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body Image 2018; 25: 139-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

27  Guardabassi V, Mirisola A, Tomasetto C. How is weight stigma related to children’s health-related quality of life? A model comparison approach. Qual Life Res 2018; 27: 173-83.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

28  Khodari BH, Shami MO, Shajry RM, et al. The relationship between weight self-stigma and quality of life among youth in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13(9): e18158.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

29  Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Yeazel MW, et al. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev 2015; 16(4): 319-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

30  Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity 2006; 14(10): 1802-15.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

31  Roy R, Kaufononga A, Yovich F, et al. The prevalence and practice impact of weight bias among New Zealand registered dietitians. Nutr Diet 2023; 80(3): 297-306.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

32  Claridge R, Gray L, Stubbe M, et al. General practitioner opinion of weight management interventions in New Zealand. J Prim Health Care 2014; 6(3): 212-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

33  Hales C, de Vries K, Coombs M. Managing social awkwardness when caring for morbidly obese patients in intensive care: a focused ethnography. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 58: 82-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

34  Hagan S, Nelson K. Are current guidelines perpetuating weight stigma? A weight-skeptical approach to the care of patients with obesity. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38: 793-8.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

35  Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long‐Term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am 2018; 102(1): 183-197.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

36  Amanda. It’s not all in our heads: women speak out about feeling dismissed by doctors. Today, 2023. Available at https://www.today.com/health/women-speak-out-about-feeling-dismissed-doctors-t153701

37  Strings S. Fearing the black body: the racial origins of fat phobia. New York: New York University Press; 2019.