Stocktake Sale on now: wide range of books at up to 70% off!
Register      Login
Historical Records of Australian Science Historical Records of Australian Science Society
The history of science, pure and applied, in Australia, New Zealand and the southwest Pacific
EDITORIAL (Open Access)

Anthony George Klein 1935–2021

Trevor R. Finlayson A , Leon Mann B * , Bruce H. J. McKellar C and David G. Satchell D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Physics and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

B Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

C School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

D Department of Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

* Correspondence to: leonm@unimelb.edu.au

Historical Records of Australian Science https://doi.org/10.1071/HR23028
Published online: 24 May 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Australian Academy of Science. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Professor Anthony (Tony) George Klein AM, FAA (1935–2021) was an outstanding physicist, university teacher, leader, mentor and science communicator. We recount Tony’s life from his childhood in wartime Romania, his early interest in mathematics, the family’s migration to Australia via Israel in 1953, high school and university education in Melbourne, appointment as a research scientist at the AAEC in Sydney, followed by a distinguished career as an academic, researcher and leader in the School of Physics at the University of Melbourne where he retired as Emeritus Professor. The memoir describes Tony Klein’s personal qualities, the influences and experiences shaping his career, his major research contributions and collaborations in the field of neutron optics and neutron interferometry, his service to scientific and medical organisations and recognition by the university, the Australian Academy of Science and the nation. We evaluate Tony Klein’s contribution to science, knowledge and higher education.

Keywords: Australian Academy of Science, Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Optical Society, Melbourne physics, neutron physics, neutron optics.

References

Aharonov, Y., and Susskind, L. (1967) Observability of the sign change of spinors under 2π rotations, Physical Review, 158(5), 1237-1238.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Allman, B. E. (1994) Interference Experiments with Light and with Neutrons, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Bernstein, H. J. (1967) Spin precession during interferometry of fermions and the phase factor associated with rotations through 2π radians, Physical Review Letters, 18(24), 1102-1103.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Broxton, N. M., Down, J. G., Gehrmann, J., Alewood, P. F., Satchell, D. G., and Livett, B. G. (1999) α-Conotoxin ImI inhibits the α-bungarotoxin resistant nicotinic response in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, Journal of Neurochemistry, 72(4), 1656-1662.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Burrows, R. D., Caro, D. E., Gold, E., Klein, A. G., MacDowell, C. E., Oldey, J. L., Opat, G. I., Starr, J., Wignall, J. W. G., and Peaslee, D. C. (1970) pd topological cross sections in momentum range 50–920 MeV/c, Australian Journal of Physics, 23(5), 819-822.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Caro, D. E., Gold, E., Klein, A. G., MacDowell, C. E., Opat, G. I., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1973a) Elastic antiproton-deutron scattering below 1.0 GeV/c, Nuclear Physics B, 52(1), 239-247.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Caro, D. E., Gold, E., Klein, A. G., MacDowell, C. E., Opat, G. I., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1973b) Antiproton-nucleon scattering in deuterium below 1.0 GeV/c, Nuclear Physics B, 52(1), 301-315.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Caro, D. E., Gold, E., Klein, A. G., Opat, G. I., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1975) Antiproton-neutron annihilation in flight: a test of the Orfanidis-Rittenberg statistical model, Nuclear Physics B, 90(2), 221-226.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cimmino, A. (1981) The Fizeau Experiment with Neutrons, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Cimmino, A., Opat, G. I., Klein, A. G., Kaiser, H., Werner, S. A., Arif, M., and Clothier, R. (1989) Observation of the topological Aharonov-Casher phase shift by neutron interferometry, Physical Review Letters, 63(4), 380-383.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fox, G. W., and Carr, P. H. (1931) The effect of piezoelectric oscillation on the intensity of X-ray reflections from quartz, Physical Review, 37(12), 1622-1625.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gähler, R., Klein, A. G., and Zeilinger, A. (1981) Neutron optical tests of non-linear wave mechanics, Physical Review A, 23(4), 1611-1617.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gillot, J., Lepoutre, S., Gauguet, A., Vigué, J., and Büchner, M. (2014) Measurement of the Aharonov-Casher geometric phase with a separated-arm atom interferometer, The European Physical Journal D, 68(6), 168.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gold, E., Mason, G. C., Opat, G. I., Parker, K. R., Wignall, J. W. G., Chapman, G. J., De Roach, J. N., King, P. A., Klein, A. G., Martin, L. J., and Tovey, S. N. (1977) Beam target reversal symmetry in anti-proton-neutron interactions in flight, Physical Review D, 16(9), 2679-2686.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hamilton, W. A. (1987) Studies in Neutron Optics, University of Melbourne.

Kasper, P., Chapman, G., De Roach, J., Gold, E., Klein, A. G., Martin, L. J., Mason, G. C., Opat, G. I., Parker, K., Tovey, S. N., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1979) Resonance production in the reaction pd→psπ+πππ0 at 0.4 to 0.9 GeV/c antiproton momenta, Nuclear Physics B, 156(2), 207-224.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kearney, P. D. (1988) Matter Wave Optics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Kearney, P. D., Klein, A. G., Opat, G. I., and Gähler, R. (1980) Imaging and focusing of neutrons by a zone plate, Nature, 287(5780), 313-314.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (1959) Transistor counting-rate meters AAEC/TM 76.

Klein, A. G. (1961) Logarithmic rate meters and period meters—a theoretical study of noise and transient response, Nuclear Science and Engineering, 11(2), 142-153.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (1976) Observation of 2π Rotations by Fresnel Diffraction of Neutrons, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Klein, A. G. (1986) Contributions to Neutron Optics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Klein, A. G. (1990) President’s column 'Woorlookadat’, The Australian Physicist, 27(1/2), 2-3.
| Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (1991) The old president’s last column, Australian and New Zealand Physicist, 28(4), 50.
| Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (2005) Geoffrey Ivan Opat 1935–2002, Historical Records of Australian Science, 16(1), 65-89.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (2006) Introduction to the neutron interferometry and coherence symposium, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 385–386, 1355.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G. (2007) 'Memoir of Professor Anthony Klein', c 2007, University of Melbourne Archives 2022.0027.

Klein, A. G., and Opat, G. I. (1975) Observability of 2π rotations: a proposed experiment, Physical Review D, 11(3), 523-528.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G., and Opat, G. I. (1976) Observation of 2π rotations by Fresnel diffraction of neutrons, Physical Review Letters, 37(5), 238-240.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G., and Werner, S. A. (1983) Neutron optics, Reports on Progress in Physics, 46(3), 259-335.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, T., and Werner, S. (1991) Do neutrons feel electric fields? Neutron News, 2(3), 19-22.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G., Prager, P., Wagenfeld, H., Ellis, P. J., and Sabine, T. M. (1967) Diffraction of neutrons and x-rays by a vibrating quartz crystal, Applied Physics Letters, 10(10), 293-295.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G., Opat, G. I., Cimmino, A., Zeilinger, A., Treimer, W., and Gähler, R. (1981a) Neutron propagation in moving matter: the Fizeau experiment with massive particles, Physical Review Letters, 46(24), 1551-1554.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Klein, A. G., Kearney, P. D., Opat, G. I., and Gähler, R. (1981b) Focussing of slow neutrons with cylindrical zone plates, Physics Letters, 83A(2), 71-73.
| Google Scholar |

Kulin, G. V., Frank, A. I., Bushuev, V. A., Khaydukov, Y. N., Roshchupkin, D. V., Vadilonga, S., and Sergeev, A. P. (2020) Nonstationary neutron diffraction by surface acoustic waves, Physical Review B, 101(16), 165419.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E. M. (1965) ‘Ch 55’, in Quantum Mechanics Non-Relativistic Theory, 2nd edn, translated by J. B. Sykes, J. S. Bell, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Mann, L. (2005) Leadership, Management and Innovation in R&D Project Teams, Praeger, Westport, CT.

Mann, L. and Prawer, S. (2022) Smart, caring and kind, Australian Jewish News, 2 October, p. 28.

Mann, L. and Satchell, D. (2022) Eminent researcher loved teaching, applying and advocating science, The Age (Melbourne), 24 May.

McKellar, B. H. J., and Volkas, R. (2022) Vale Tony Klein, Australian Physics, 59(1), 29-30.
| Google Scholar |

McKellar, B. H. J., He, X. G., and Klein, A. G. (2014) Topological phases reviewed: the Aharonov Bohm, Aharonov Casher and He McKellar Wilkens phases, Frontiers in Physics, 1588(1), 59-70.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Melzer, L., and Sloggett, R. (2022) Compounding value: delivering to core university needs through conservation teaching, research, and outward facing engagement, University Museums and Collections Journal, 14(1), 8-14.
| Google Scholar |

Miller, D. D. (ed.) (1987) The Messel Era: the Story of the School of Physics and its Science Foundation within the University of Sydney 1952–1987, Pergamon, Sydney.

Packer, J. S. (1997) The First 50 Years—the Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, 1947 – 1997, Brown Prior Anderson, Pty. Ltd., Burwood, Vic.

Parkinson, T. F., and Moyer, M. W. (1966) Modulation of diffracted neutrons with a piezoelectric crystal, Nature, 211, 400-401.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pryor, A. W., and Klein, A. G. (1959) Statistical design basis for fast scaling systems, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 4(1), 1-4.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rangaswamy, T. N., Gurtu, A., Malhotra, P. K., Raghavan, R., Subramanian, A., Sudhakar, K., Chapman, G. J., Klein, A. G., Mason, G. C., Opat, G. I., Tovey, S. N., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1979) Search for direct electron production in p interactions at 2.0 GeV/c, Nuclear Physics B, 151(1), 71-80.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rasmussen, C. (2018) Shifting the Boundaries: the University of Melbourne 1975-2015, Miegunyah Press, Carlton.

Rauch, H., Zeilinger, A., Badurek, G., Wilfing, A., Bauspiess, W., and Bonse, U. (1975) Verification of coherent spinor rotation of fermions, Physics Letters A, 54(6), 425-427.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Robinson, R., and Finlayson, T. (2022) Anthony (Tony) George Klein (1935–2021), Neutron News, 33(2), 19.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sangster, K., Hinds, E. A., Barnett, S. M., Riis, E., and Sinclair, A. G. (1995) Aharonov-Casher phase in an atomic system, Physical Review A, 51(3), 1776-1786.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Tovey, S. N., Parker, K. R., Chapman, G. J., De Roach, J., Gold, E., Kasper, P., King, P. A., Klein, A. G., Martin, L. J., Mason, G. C., Opat, G. I., and Wignall, J. W. G. (1978) Reaction p̅n → πππ+ at incident momenta below 1 GeV/c, Physical Review D, 17(9), 2206-2215.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Werner, S. A. and Klein, A. G. (1986) ‘Neutron optics’, in Methods in Experimental Physics, vol. 23A (Neutron Scattering), chapter 4, eds D. L. Price, K. Skjold, pp. 259–337.

Werner, S. A., Colella, R., Overhauser, A. W., and Eagen, C. F. (1975) Observation of the phase shift of a neutron due to precession in a magnetic field, Physical Review Letters, 35(16), 1053-1055.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |