Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
Emily L. McLaughlin
A B , Nerida G. Wilson A C D and Greg W. Rouse A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
B The University of Alabama, Campus Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
C Research and Collections, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia.
D School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Invertebrate Systematics 37(7) 498-527 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS22057
Submitted: 2 November 2022 Accepted: 15 June 2023 Published: 14 July 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Abstract
An increasing number of Antarctic invertebrate taxa have been revealed as cryptic species complexes following DNA-based assessments. This ultimately necessitates a morphological reassessment to find traits that will help identify these cryptic or pseudocryptic species without the need for sequencing every individual. This work concerns comatulid crinoid echinoderms long considered to represent a single, circum-Antarctic species, Promachocrinus kerguelensis. The first molecular studies sought to distinguish the diversity in the complex and understand the constituent species distributions but stopped short of formal taxonomic assessment. Here, we continued to increase sample representation around the Southern Ocean and sequenced the mitochondrial COI gene for all new specimens, and additional genes for a few representatives. We also elucidated previously unappreciated features, particularly body pigmentation and morphology of the centrodorsal ossicle in an attempt to diagnose some species morphologically and based on DNA data. The species complex within Promachocrinus is here resolved into P. kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879, P. vanhoeffenianus Minckert, 1905, P. joubini Vaney, 1910, P. mawsoni (Clark, 1937) comb. nov. (transferred from Florometra) and four previously unnamed species, P. fragarius sp. nov., P. unruhi sp. nov., P. uskglassi sp. nov. and P. wattsorum sp. nov. Although most species can be distinguished morphologically, several cannot be reliably separated without DNA data. All sequenced species are essentially circum-Antarctic, with the notable exception of P. wattsorum sp. nov. that is restricted to the Prince Edward Islands in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean and P. vanhoeffenianus that is only known from the type locality in the Davis Sea. The vast nature of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean ecosystem dictates large scale sampling to understand the full extent of the biodiversity.
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F871CDC8-973B-48CE-8A61-33658D4EB4B1
Keywords: Antarctica, Crinoidea, cryptic species, Echinodermata, feather star, phylogeny, species delineation, taxonomy.
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