Register      Login
The Rangeland Journal The Rangeland Journal Society
Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > RJ > RJ09033
REVIEW
Contents Vol 32(1)

A review of chemical, biological and fertility control options for the camel in Australia

Steven J. Lapidge A C , Charlie T. Eason B and Simon T. Humphrys A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, 48 Oxford Terrace, Unley, SA 5061, Australia.

B Connovation Research, PO Box 58613, Auckland 2141, New Zealand.

C Corresponding author. Email: steven.lapidge@invasiveanimals.com

The Rangeland Journal 32(1) 95-115 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ09033
Submitted: 5 June 2009  Accepted: 15 December 2009   Published: 23 March 2010

Abstract

Since their introduction to Australia in 1840 the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius, has gone from the colonist’s companion to a conservationist’s conundrum in the fragile arid ecosystems of Australia. Current management techniques are failing to curb present population growth and alternatives must be sought. This review assess the applicability of currently registered and developmental vertebrate pesticides and fertility control agents for camel control, as well as examining the potential usefulness of known C. dromedarius diseases for biological control. Not surprisingly, little is known about the lethality of most vertebrate pesticides used in Australia to camels. More has been published on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals used in agriculture and the racing industry. An examination of the literature on C. dromedarius diseases, such as camel pox virus, contagious ecthyma and papillomatosis, indicates that the infections generally result in high morbidity but not necessarily mortality and this alone may not justify their consideration for use in Australia. The possibility exists that other undiscovered or unstudied biological control agents from other camilid species may offer greater potential for population control. As a long-lived species the camel is also not ideally suited to fertility control. Notwithstanding, anti-fertility agents may have their place in preventing the re-establishment of camel populations once they have been reduced through mechanical, biological or chemical means. Delivery of any generic chemical or fertility control agent will, however, require a species-tailored pathway and an appropriate large-scale deployment method. Accordingly, we put forward avenues of investigation to yield improved tools for camel control.

Additional keywords: Camelus dromedarius, delivery, disease, pesticide, sterility, toxin.


Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Australian Government-funded project ‘Cross-jurisdictional management of feral camels to protect NRM and cultural values’ undertaken by the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre. They would also like to thank Dr Robert Henzell and two anonymous referees for improving the manuscript and Sascha Groeneweg for editing assistance. The research reported in this publication is supported by funding from the Australian Government through the Desert Knowledge CRC; the views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of Desert Knowledge CRC or its participants.


References


Abbas B., Omer O. H. (2005) Review of infectious diseases of the camel. The Veterinary Bulletin 75, 1N–16N. open url image1

Abu Damir H., Eldirdiri N. I., Adam S. E. I., Howarth J. A., Salih Y. M., Idris O. F. (1993) Experimental copper poisoning in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Comparative Pathology 108, 191–208.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Adams T. E., Adams B. E. (1990) Reproductive function and feedlot performance of beef heifers actively immunized against GnRH1. Journal of Animal Science 68, 2793–2802.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Agab H., Abbas B. (1998) Epidemiological studies on camel diseases in the eastern Sudan: II. Incidence and causes of mortality in pastoral camels. Camel Newsletter 14, 53–57. open url image1

Aitken R. J. (2006). Australian Patent Application Number 2006903307. Assignee: University of Newcastle. Title: Method for reducing the reproductive potential of a female animal. Filing date, 19 June 2006.

Al-Dughaym A. M., Afaleq A. I., Homeida A. M. (1998) Review of adverse effects of some drugs in camels. Revue d’Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 51, 81–86. open url image1

Ali B. H. (1988) A survey of some drugs commonly used in the camel. Veterinary Research Communications 12, 67–75.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Ali B. H., Alhadrami G., Bashir A. K. (1997) Furosemide-induced changes in blood and plasma of camels. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20, 483–486.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Ali B. H., Hassan T. (1984) Some observations on the toxicosis of isometatnidium chloride (samorin) in camels. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 28, 424–426. open url image1

Ali B. H., Oukessou M., Bashir A. K. (1996) Pharmacokinetic considerations in the camel (Camelus dromedarius): a review. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C. Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology 115, 1–9.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Alquarawi A. A., Ali B. H. (2000) A survey of literature (1995–1999) on the kinetics of drugs in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Research Communications 24, 245–260.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Andrews R. V., Belknap R. W. (1983) Efficacy of alpha-chlorohydrin in sewer rat control. Journal of Hygiene 91, 359–366.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Asa C. S. (1997). The development of contraceptive methods for captive wildlife. In: ‘Contraception in Wildlife Management’. USDA-APHIS Technical Bulletin 1853. (Ed. T. J. Kreegor.) pp. 235–240. (USDA: Washington, DC.)

Atzert S. P. (1971). A review of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080), its properties, toxicology and use in predator and rodent control. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Services Special Scientific Report – Wildlife No. 146.

Bahri L. E., Souilem O., Djegham M., Belguith J. (1999) Toxicity and adverse reactions to some drugs in dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary and Human Toxicology 41, 35–38.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Baker D. L. , Nett T. M. , Hobbs N. T. , Gill R. B. , and Miller M. M. (1999). Evaluation of GnRH-toxin conjugate as an irreversible contraceptive in female mule deer. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association, Issue 207.

Baker D. L., Wild M. A., Connor M. M., Ravivarapu H. B., Dunn R. L., Nett T. M. (2004) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist: a new approach to reversible contraception in female deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40, 713–124.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Baker D. L., Wild M. A., Hussain M. D., Dunn R. L., Nett T. M. (2005) Evaluation of remotely delivered leuprolide acetate as a contraceptive agent in female elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 758–767.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Ball B. A., Sabeur K., Nett T., Liu I. K. (2006) Effects of a GnRH cytotoxin on reproductive function in peripubertal male dogs. Theriogenology 66, 766–774.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Balser D. S. (1964) Antifertility agents in vertebrate pest control. Vertebrate Pest Conference 2, 133–137. open url image1

Barlow N. D., Kean J. M., Briggs C. J. (1997) Modelling the relative efficacy of culling and sterilisation for controlling populations. Wildlife Research 24, 129–141.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bell R. L., Peterle T. J. (1975) Hormone implants control reproduction in white tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 3, 152–156. open url image1

Bengsen A. J., Leung L. K.-P., Lapidge S. J., Gordon I. J. (2008) A theoretical framework for the design of target-specific vertebrate pest control in complex communities. Ecological Management & Restoration 9, 209–216.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bennett K. (1993). ‘Compendium of Beef Products.’ (North American Compendiums Inc.: Port Huron, MI.)

Berentsen A. R., Johnston J. J., Mauldin R. E., Schmidt R. H. (2006) Using the CLOD to deliver Pentachlorobenzene to coyotes (Canis latrans). Vertebrate Pest Conference 22, 277–281. open url image1

Bergin T. J., Torenbeeck L. R. (1991) Melioidosis in camels. Australian Veterinary Journal 68, 309.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Bomford M. (1990) Role of fertility control in wildlife management? Canberra, Australia. Bureau of Rural Resources Bulletin 7, 1–50. open url image1

Boudra H., Morgavi D. P. (2005) Mycotoxin risk evaluation in feeds contaminated by Aspergillus fumigatus. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120, 113–123.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Bowerman A. M., Brooks J. C. (1971) Evaluation of U-5897 as a male chemosterilant for rat control. Journal of Wildlife Management 35, 618–624.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bradley M. P., Eade I., Penhalei J., Bird P. (1999) Vaccines for fertility regulation of wild and domestic species. Journal of Biochemistry 73, 91–101.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Brown A. (2004). Camel – a review of diseases in central Australia. Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines, Technical Bulletin 314.

Brown P. R., Chambers L. K., Singleton G. R. (2002) Pre-sowing control of house mice (Mus domesticus) using zinc phosphide: efficacy and potential non-target effects. Wildlife Research 29, 27–37.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Browning R., Leite-Browning M. L., Smith H. M., Wakefield T. (1998) Effect of ergotamine and ergonovine on plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1644–1650.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Brusman H. H., Linhart S. B., Balser D. S., Sparks L. H. (1968) A technique for producing antifertility tallow baits for predatory mammals. Journal of Wildlife Management 32, 183–184.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Buckle A. P. , and Smith R. H. (1994). ‘Rodent Pests and Theory Control.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK.)

Busana F., Gigliotti F., Marks C. A. (1998) Modified M-44 ejector for the baiting of red foxes. Wildlife Research 25, 209–215.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Campbell T. A., Lapidge S. J., Long D. B. (2006) Baits to deliver pharmaceuticals to feral swine in southern Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34, 1184–1189.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Caughley G., Pech R., Grice D. (1992) Effect of fertility control on a population’s productivity. Wildlife Research 19, 623–627.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Clayton R. N., Harwood J. P., Catt K. J. (1979) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue binds to luteal cells and inhibits progesterone production. Nature 282, 90–92.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Conn P. M., Crowley W. F. (1991) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. New England Journal of Medicine 324, 93–103.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Coventry J., Edwards G., Zeng B. (2010) The odyssey of managing feral camels – is there an Achilles’ heel? Australian Zoologist (in press) , open url image1

Cowan P. , Walmsley A. , Kirk D. , Lee S. M. , and Young P. (1999). Plant-derived vaccines for possum fertility control. In: ‘Advances in the Biological Control of Possums’. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 56. pp. 24–27. (Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series: Wellington.)

Cowled B., Elsworth P., Lapidge S. J. (2008c) Additional toxins for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) control: identifying and testing Achilles heel. Wildlife Research 35, 651–662.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Cowled B. D., Aldenhoven J., Inakwu O., Garrett T., Moran C., Lapidge S. J. (2008b) Feral pig population structuring in the rangelands of eastern Australia: applications for designing adaptive management units. Conservation Genetics 9, 211–224.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Cowled B. D., Gifford E., Smith M., Staples L., Lapidge S. J. (2006a) Efficacy of manufactured PIGOUT® baits for localised control of feral pigs in the semi-arid rangelands in western Queensland. Wildlife Research 33, 427–437.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Cowled B. D., Lapidge S. J., Smith M., Staples L. (2006b) Attractiveness of a novel omnivore bait, PIGOUT®, to feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and assessment of risks of bait uptake by non-target species. Wildlife Research 33, 651–660.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Cowled B. D., Lapidge S. J., Smith M., Staples L. (2008a) Vaccination of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) using iophenoxic acid as a simulated vaccine. Australian Veterinary Journal 86, 50–55.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Curtis P. D. , Moen A. N. , and Richmond M. E. (1998). When should wildlife fertility control be applied? In: ‘A Workshop on the Status and Future of Wildlife Fertility Control. The Wildlife Society 5th Annual Conference’. Buffalo, New York. (Eds P. D. Curtis and R. J. Warren.) pp. 1–4.

Darling L. (1993). ‘Veterinary Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals.’ (Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co.: Lenexa, KS.)

Davis S. A., Pech R. P. (2002) Dependence of population response to fertility control on the survival of sterile animals and their role in regulation. Reproduction 60, 89–103.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Deliberto T. J., Gese E. M., Knowlton F. F., Mason J. R., Conover M. R., Miller L. A., Schmidt R. H., Holland M. K. (1998) Fertility control in coyotes: is it a potential management tool? Vertebrate Pest Conference 18, 144–149. open url image1

Deliberto T. J., Seglund A., Jochle W., Kimball B. (2002) Assessment of Cabergoline as a reproductive inhibitor in coyotes (Canis latrans). Reproduction 60, 53–64.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Delves P. J., Roitt I. M. (2005) Vaccines for the control of reproduction: status in mammals and aspects of comparative interest. Developments in Biologicals 121, 265–273.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

de Moraes-Moreau R. L., Harguich M., Harasuchi M., Morita H., Palermo-Yeto J. (1995) Chemical and biological demonstration of the presence of monofluoroacetate in the leaves of Palicourea marcgravii. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 28, 685–692.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

DeNicola A. J., Kesler D. J., Swihart R. K. (1997) Dose determination and efficacy of remotely delivered norgestomet implants on contraception of white-tailed deer. Zoo Biology 16, 31–37.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

DeNicola A. J., Swihart R. K., Kesler D. J. (1996) The effect of remotely delivered gonadotropin formulations on reproductive function of white-tailed deer. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 22, 847–850.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Dolbeer R. A. (1998) Population dynamics: the foundation of wildlife damage management for the 21st century. Proceedings Vertebrate Pest Conference 18, 2–11. open url image1

Dorges B. , and Heucke J. (1997). One humped camel Camelus dromedarius. In: ‘The Mammals of Australia’. 2nd edn. (Ed. R. Strahan.) pp. 718–720. (Reed: Sydney.)

Dorman D. C. , and Beasley V. R. (1989). Diagnosis and therapy for cholecalciferol toxicosis. In: ‘Current Veterinary Therapy. X. Small Animal Practice’. pp. 148–152. (W. B. Saunders: Philadelphia.)

Duckworth J. , and Cui X. (2004). Delivery systems for possum biocontrol – bacterial ghosts. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0405/046.

Dunbar D. S. (1989) Use of synthetic peptide adjuvant for the immunization of baboons with denatured and deglycosylated pig zona pellucida glycoproteins. Fertility and Sterility 52, 311–318.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Dunbar D. S., Schwoebel E. (1988) Fertility studies for the benefit of animals and human beings: development of improved sterilization and contraceptive methods. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 193, 1165–1170.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Eason C. T. (1991) Cholecalciferol as an alternative to sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) for poisoning possums. New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44, 35–37.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Eason C. T. (2002) Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) risk assessment and risk communication. Toxicology 181–182, 523–530.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

1 Eason C. T., Milne L., Potts M., Morriss G., Wright G. R. G., Sutherland O. R. W. (1999) Secondary and tertiary poisoning risks associated with brodifacoum. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23, 219–224. open url image1

2 Eason C. T., Murphy E., Hix S., MacMorran D. (2008) The development of a new humane toxin for predator control in New Zealand. Integrative Zoology 1, 443–448. open url image1

3 Eason C. T., Wickstrom M., Henderson R., Milne L., Arthur D. (2000) Non-target and secondary poisoning risk associated with cholecalciferol. New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 53, 299–304. open url image1

Edwards G. P., Eldridge S. R., Wurst D., Berman D. M., Garbin V. (2001) Movement patterns of female feral camels in central and northern Australia. Wildlife Research 28, 283–289.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Edwards G. P., Pople A. R., Saalfeld K., Caley P. (2004a) Introduced mammals in Australian rangelands: future threats and the role of monitoring programmes in management strategies. Austral Ecology 29, 40–50.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Edwards G. P., Saalfeld K., Clifford B. (2004b) Population trend of feral camels in the Northern Territory. Australian Wildlife Research 31, 509–517.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Edwards G. P. , Zeng B. , Saalfeld W. K. , Vaarzon-Morel P. , and McGregor M. (Eds) (2008). ‘Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business.’ DKCRC Report 47. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)

Egeheze J. O., Oehme F. W. (1979) Sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA, Compound 1080): a literature review. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 21, 411–416.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Eidne K. A., Henery C. C., Aitken R. J. (2000) Selection of peptides targeting the human sperm surface using random peptide phage display identify ligands homologous to ZP3. Biology of Reproduction 63, 1396–1402.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Eko F. O., Witte A., Huter V., Kuen B., Furst-Ladani S., Haslberger A., Katinger A., Hensel A., Szostak M. P., Resch S., Mader H., Raza P., Brand E., Marchart J., Jechlinger W., Haidinger W., Lubitz W. (1999) New strategies for combination vaccines based on the extended recombinant bacterial ghost system. Vaccine 17, 1643–1649.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Elamin E. A., Homedia A. M., Adams S. E. I., Mahound M. M. (1982) The efficacy of berenil (diminazine acetuarte) against Trypanosama evansi infection in mice. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology 5, 259–265.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

El Bihari S. (1985) The camel in health and disease 5. Helminths of the camel: a review. The British Veterinary Journal 141, 315–326.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

El-Khouly A. B., Gadir F. A., Cluert D. D., Manefield G. W. (1992) Aspergillosis in camels affected with a specific respiratory and enteric syndrome. Australian Veterinary Journal 69, 182–186.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Enwezor F. N. C., Sackey A. K. B. (2005) Camel trypanosomosis – a review. Veterinarski Arhiv 75, 439–452. open url image1

Fagerstone K. A., Miller L. A., Bynum K. S., Eisemann J. D., Yoder C. (2006) When, where and for what wildlife species will contraception be a useful management approach? Vertebrate Pest Conference 22, 45–54. open url image1

Farid M. F. A. (1989) Water and minerals problems of the dromedary camel (an overview). Options mediterraneennes. Serie Seminaires Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a02/CI000435.pdf (accessed 24 June 2008). 2, 111–124. open url image1

Ferro V. A., Mordini E. (2004) Peptide vaccines in immunocontraception. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 6, 83–89.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Finch N. A., Murray P. J., Dunn M. T., Billingsley J. (2006) Using machine vision classification to control access of animals to water. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 837–839.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fisher P., O’Connor C. (2007) Oral toxicity of p-aminopropiophenone to ferrets. Wildlife Research 34, 19–24.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Flaws J. A., Salyers K. L., Sipes I. G., Hoyer P. B. (1994) Reduced ability of rat preantral ovarian follicles to metabolize 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide in vitro. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 126, 286–294.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Fleming P. J. S., Allen L. R., Lapidge S. J., Robley A., Saunders G. R., Thomson P. C. (2006) A strategic approach to mitigating the impacts of wild canids: proposed activities of the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 753–762.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fraser H. M. (1983) Effect of treatment for one year with a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist on ovarian, thyroidal and adrenal function and menstruation in the stumptailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Endocrinology 112, 245–253.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Gao Y., Short R. V. (1994) Fertility control in laboratory rats and mice after feeding with the antigestagen RU486. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 101, 477–481.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Garrison M. V., Johns B. E. (1975) Antifertility effects of SC-20775 in Norway and Polynesian rats. Journal of Wildlife Management 39, 26–29.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Guarino J. L., Schafer E. W. (1973) A program for developing male chemosterilants for red-winged blackbirds. Bird Control Seminar Proceedings 6, 201–205. open url image1

Hamman J. H., Enslin G. M., Kotzé A. F. (2005) Oral delivery of peptide drugs: barriers and developments. BioDrugs 19, 165–177.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Hardy C. M., Braid A. L. (2007) Vaccines for immunological control of fertility in animals. Review of Science, Technology and Off. International Epizoology 26, 461–470.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Hayes W. J. , and Laws E. R. (1991). ‘Handbook of pesticide toxicology.’ (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)

Herschler R. C., Vickery B. H. (1981) Effects of (DTrp6-Des-Gly10-ProNH29)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide on the estrous cycle, weight gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers. Amercian Journal of Veterinary Research 42, 1405–1408.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Hinds L. A., Tyndale-Biscoe C. H. (1994) The effects of bromocriptine on lactation and subsequent reproduction in grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus and Macropus giganteus. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 705–711.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Homeida A. M., El Aminb E. A., Adamb S. E. I., Mahmoud M. M. (1981) Toxicity of diminazene aceturate (Berenil) to camels. Journal of Comparative Pathology 91, 355–360.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Hone J. (1992) Rate of increase and fertility control. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 695–698.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Hood G. A. (1972) Zinc phosphide – a new look at an old rodenticide for field rodents. Vertebrate Pest Conference 5, 85–92. open url image1

Hoyer P. B., Devine P. J., Hu X., Thompson K. E., Sipes I. G. (2001) Ovarian toxicity of 4-vinylcyclohexence diepoxide: a mechanistic model. Toxicologic Pathology 29, 91–99.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Humphrys S. T., Lapidge S. J. (2008) A review of delivering and registering species-tailored oral anti-fertility products. Wildlife Research 35, 578–585.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Jackson R. J., Maguire D. J., Hinds L. A., Ramshaw I. A. (1998) Infertility in mice induced by a recombinant ectromellia virus expressing mouse zona pellucida glycoprotein 3. Biology of Reproduction 58, 152–159.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Jacobsen N. K., Jessup D. A., Kesler D. J. (1995) Contraception in black-tailed deer by remotely delivered norgestomet ballistic implants. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23, 718–722. open url image1

Jalava K., Hensel A., Szostak M., Resch S., Lubitz W. (2002) Bacterial ghosts as vaccine candidates for veterinary applications. Journal of Controlled Release 85, 17–25.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

James L. F., Panter K. E., Stegermeier B. L., Molyneux R. J. (1994) Effect of natural toxins on reproduction. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 10, 587–601.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Jezek Z., Kriz B., Rothbauer V. (1983) Camel pox and its risk to the human population. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology 27, 29–42.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Jolly S. E., Eason C. T., Frampton C. (1993) Serum calcium levels in response to cholecalciferol and calcium carbonate in the Australian brushtail possum. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 47, 159–164.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Kadir A., Ali B. H., Alhadhadrami G., Bashir A. K., Landoni M. F., Lees P. (1997) Phenylbutazone pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Communications 20, 54–60.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Kaufmann B. A. (2003) Differences in perception of causes of camel calf losses between pastoralists and scientists. Experimental Agriculture 39, 363–378.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Kazensky C. A., Munson L., Seal U. S. (1998) The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29, 1–5.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Keiver K. M., Draper H. H., Ronald K. (1988) Vitamin D metabolism in the hooded seal (Crystophore cristatra). Journal of Nutrition 118, 332–341.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Kesler D. J. (1997). Remotely delivered contraception with needle-less Norgestomet implants. In: ‘Contraception in Wildlife Management’. USDA-APHIS Technical Bulletin 1853. (Ed. T. J. Kreeger.) pp. 171–184. (USDA: Washington, DC.)

Khalafalla A. I. (1998) Epizootiology of camel pox, camel contagious ecthyma and camel papillomatosis in the Sudan. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting for Animal Production under Arid Conditions 2, 115–131. open url image1

Khalafalla A. I. (2000) Camel contagious ecthyma: risks in young calves. Revue D’Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 53, 173–176. open url image1

Khalafalla A. I., Agab H., Abbas B. (1994) An outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production 26, 253–254.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Killian G., Miller L. A., Diehl N. K., Rhyan J., Thain D. (2004) Evaluation of three contraceptive approaches for population control of wild horses. Vertebrate Pest Conference 21, 263–268. open url image1

Kirkpatrick J. F. , and Frank K. (2005). Fertility control in free-ranging wildlife. In: ‘Contraception in Captive and Free-Ranging Wildlife’. (Eds C. Asa and I. Porton.) (Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC.)

Kirkpatrick J. F., Turner A. (2008) Achieving population goals in a long-lived wildlife species (Equus caballus) with contraception. Wildlife Research 35, 513–519.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Koenig R. (2007) Veterinary medicine. Camel scientists ask: what’s sinking the ships of the desert? Science 318, 1372–1373.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Kriz B. (1982) A study of camelpox in Somalia. Journal of Comparative Pathology 92, 1–8.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Lapidge S. J. , Eason C. T. , and Humphrys S. T. (2008). ‘A review of chemical, biological and fertility control options for the camel in Australia.’ DKCRC Research Report 51. (Desert Knowledge CRC: Alice Springs.)

Lapidge S., Wishart J., Smith M., Staples L. (2009) Is America ready for a humane feral pig ‘toxin’? Wildlife Damage Management Conference (in press). 13, open url image1

Leach T. M. (1961) Observations on the treatment of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels. Journal of Comparative Pathology 71, 109–117.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Littin K. E., O’Connor C. E., Gregory N. G., Mellor D. J., Eason C. T. (2002) Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with brodifacoum. Wildlife Research 29, 259–267.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Losos G. J. (1980) Disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi – a review. Veterinary Research Communications 4, 165–181.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Mackenzie S. M., McLaughlin E. A., Perkins H. D., French N., Sutherland T., Jackson R. J., Inglis B., Muller W. J., van Leeuwin B. H., Robinson A. J., Kerr P. J. (2006) The immunocontraceptive effects on female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infected with recombinant myxoma virus expressing rabbit ZP2 and Zp3. Biology of Reproduction 74, 511–521.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mahato R. I., Narang A. S., Thoma L., Miller D. D. (2003) Emerging trends in oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 20, 153–214.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mahi-Brown C. A., Yanagimachi R., Hoffman J. C., Huang T. T. (1985) Fertility control in the bitch by active immunization with procine zonae pellucidae: use of different adjuvants and pattern of estradiol and progesterone levels in estrous cycles. Biology of Reproduction 32, 761–772.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Manefield G. W. , and Tinson A. H. (1997). ‘Camels: a Compendium.’ (The University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science: Sydney.)

Marks C. (2001) The Achilles heel principle. Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference 12, 330–335. open url image1

Marks C. A. , and Gigliotti F. (1996). Cyanide baiting manual. Practices and guidelines for the destruction of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Fauna Protection Project Report Series No. 1.

Marks C. A., Jalkenen L., Savolainen R., Short R. V. (2001) Control of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) fertility with cabergoline: dose response and timing of intervention. Reproduction 122, 147–154.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Marshall E. F. (1984) Cholecalciferol: a unique toxicant for rodent control. Vertebrate Pest Conference 11, 95–98. open url image1

Mason H. S., Haq T. A., Clements J. D., Arntzen C. J. (1998) Edible vaccine protects mice against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT): potatoes expressing a synthetic LT-B gene. Vaccine 16, 1336–1343.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Matschke G. H. (1977a) Microencapsulated diethylstilbestrol as an oral contraceptive in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 41, 87–91.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Matschke G. H. (1977b) Antifertility action of two synthetic progestins in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 41, 731–735.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Matschke G. H. (1980) Efficacy of steroid implants in preventing pregnancy in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 44, 756–758.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Mayer L. P., Devine P. J., Dyer C. A., Hoyer P. B. (2004) The follicle-deplete mouse ovary produces androgen. Biology of Reproduction 71, 130–138.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mayer L. P., Pearsall N. A., Christian P. J., Devine P. J., Payne C. M., McCusskey M. K., Marion S. L., Sipes I. G., Hoyer P. B. (2002) Long-term effects of ovarian follicular depletion in rats by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Reproductive Toxicology 16, 775–781.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

McCauley A. P. , and Geller J. S. (1992). Decisions for norplant programs. In: ‘Population Reports, Series K, No. 2’. (Ed. S. M. Goldstein.) (Johns Hopkins University, Population Information Program: Baltimore, MD.)

McGrane J. J., Higgins A. J. (1985) The camel in health and disease 6. Infectious diseases of the camel: viruses, bacteria and fungi. The British Veterinary Journal 141, 529–547.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

McLeod S. R., Saunders G., Twigg L. E., Arthur A. D., Ramsey D., Hinds L. A. (2007) Prospects for the future: is there a role for virally vectored immunocontraception in vertebrate pest management. Wildlife Research 34, 555–566.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

McNeilly A. S., Fraser H. M. (1987) Effect of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist-induced suppression of LH and FSH on follicle growth and corpus luteum function in the ewe. Journal of Endocrinology 115, 273–282.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mehta S. C., Chirania B. L., Bithu H. K., Sahani M. S. (2003) Analysis of causes of death in camel. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73, 873–874. open url image1

Meloen R. H., Turkstra J. A., Lankhof H., Puijk W. C., Schaaper W. M., Dijkstra G., Wensing C. J., Oonk R. B. (1994) Efficient immunocastration of male piglets by immunoneutralization of GnRH using a new GnRH-like peptide. Vaccine 12, 741–746.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Miller L. A., Bynum K., Zemlicka D. L. (2006a) PZP immunocontraception in coyotes: a multi year study with three vaccine formulations. Vertebrate Pest Conference 22, 88–95. open url image1

Miller L. A., Crane K., Gaddis S., Killian G. J. (2001) Porcine zona pellucida immunocontraception: long-term health effects on white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 65, 941–945.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Miller L. A., Johns B. E., Killian G. J. (1999) Long-term effects of PZP immunization on reproduction in white-tailed deer. Vaccine 18, 568–574.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Miller L. A., Johns B. E., Killian G. J. (2000) Immunocontraception of white-tailed deer with GnRH vaccine. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 44, 266–274.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Miller L. A., Talwar P. G., Killian J. K. (2006b) Contraceptive effect of a recombinant GnRH Vaccine in adult female pigs. Vertebrate Pest Conference 22, 106–109. open url image1

Miller R. E., Boever W. J., Junge R. E., Thornburg L. P., Raisbeck M. F. (1990) Acute monensin toxicosis in Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), blesbok (Damaliscus dorcus phillipsi) and a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 196, 131–134.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Montovan S. M., Daels P. P., Rivier J., Hughes J. P., Stabenfeldt G. H., Lasley B. L. (1990) The effect of potent GnRH agonist on gonadal and sexual activity in the horse. Theriogenology 33, 1305–1321.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Murphy E. C. , Eason C. T. , Hix S. , and MacMorran D. B. (2007). Developing a new toxin for potential control of feral cats, stoats and wild dogs in New Zealand. In: ‘Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of International Symposium’. (Eds G. W. Witmer, W. C. Pitt and K. A. Fagerstone.) pp. 469–473. (USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Centre: Fort Collins, CO.)

Nash P., Furcolow C. A., Bynum K. S., Yoder C. A., Miller L. A., Johnston J. J. (2007) 20,25-Diazacholesterol as an oral contraceptive for black-tailed prairie dog population management. USDA National Wildlife Research Centre – Staff Publications. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1, 60–67. open url image1

Nave C. D., Coulson G., Poiani A., Shaw G., Renfree M. B. (2002) Fertility control in the eastern grey kangaroo using levonorgestrel implants. Journal of Wildlife Management 66, 470–477.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Nielsen C. K., Porter W. F., Underwood H. B. (1997) An adaptive management approach to controlling suburban deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 470–477. open url image1

O’Brien P. H. (1986) An approach to the design of target-specific vertebrate pest control systems. Vertebrate Pest Conference 12, 247–252. open url image1

Oogjes G. (1997) Ethical aspects and dilemmas of fertility control of unwanted wildlife: an animal welfarist’s perspective. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 163–168.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Osweiler G. D. (1996 a). Plant-related toxicoses. In: ‘Toxicology. The National Veterinary Medical Series’. pp. 361–407. (Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD.)

Osweiler G. D. (1996 b). Rodenticides. In: ‘Toxicology. The National Veterinary Medical Series’. pp. 275–296. (Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD.)

Osweiler G. D. , Carson T. L. , Buck W. B. , and Van Gelder G. A. (1985). Cyanide and cyanogenic plants. In: ‘Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology’. 3rd edn. pp. 455–459. (Kendall/Hunt: Dubuque, IA.)

Plotka E. D., Seal U. S. (1989) Fertility control in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25, 643–646.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Plumlee K. H., Johnson B., Galey F. D. (1995) Acute salinomycin toxicosis of pigs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, 419–420.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Porter J. K., Thompson F. N. (1992) Effects of fescue toxicosis on reproduction in livestock. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1594–1603.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Qi L., Nett T. M., Allen M. C., Sha X., Harrison G. S., Frederick B. A., Crawford E. D., Glode L. M. (2004) Binding and cytotoxicity of conjugated and recombinant fusion proteins targeted to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Cancer Research 64, 2090–2095.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Rabb M. H., Thompson D. L., Barry D. R., Colborn D. R., Hehnke K. E., Garza E. (1990) Effects of active immunization against GnRH on LH, FSH and Prolactin storage, secretion and response to their secretagogues in pony geldings. Journal of Animal Science 68, 3322–3329.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Redwood A. J., Messerle M., Harvey N. L., Hardy C. M., Koszinowski U. H., Lawson M. A., Shellman G. R. (2005) Use of murine cytomegalovirus K181-delivered bacterial artificial chromosome as a vaccine vector for immunocontraception. Journal of Virology 79, 2998–3008.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Redwood A. J., Smith L. M., Lloyd M., Hinds L. A., Hardy C. M., Shellam G. R. (2007) Prospects for virally vectored immunocontraception in the control of wild house mice (Mus domesticus). Wildlife Research 34, 530–539.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Robertson I. S. (1982) Effect of immunological castration on sexual and production characteristics in male cattle. The Veterinary Record 111, 529–531.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Robin H., Harley J. D. (1966) Factors influencing response of mammalian species to the methaemoglobin reduction test. The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 44, 519–526.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Roughton R. D. (1979) Effects of oral melengestrol acetate on reproduction in captive white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 43, 428–436.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Rutberg A. T., Naugle R. E. (2008) Population-level effects of immunocontraception in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Wildlife Research 35, 494–501.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Sabeur K., Ball B. A., Nett T. M., Ball H. H., Liu I. K. (2003) Effect of GnRH conjugated to pokeweed antiviral protein on reproductive function in adult male dogs. Reproduction 125, 801–806.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Saunders G. R. (1978) Resistance to warfarin in the roof rat in Sydney, NSW. Search 9, 39–40.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Savarie P. J., Ping Pan H., Hayes D. J., Roberts J. D., Dasch G. L., Felton R., Schafer E. W., Jr. (1983) Comparative acute oral toxicity of para-aminopropiophenone. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30, 122–126.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Schafer E. W. Jr , Guarino J. L. , and Brunton R. B. (1977). Use of male coturnix quail in the laboratory development of avian chemosterilants. In: ‘Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control Management Materials. ASTM STP 625’. (Eds W. B. Jackson, R and E. Marsh.) pp. 225–236. (American Society for Testing and Materials: Philadelphia, PA.)

Schanbacher B. D. (1982) Response of ram lambs to active immunization against testosterone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. American Journal of Physiology 242, 201–205. open url image1

Schwartze E. W. (1922). The relative toxicity of strychnine to the rat. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1023.

Shellam G. R. (1994) The potential of murine cytomegalovirus as a viral vector for immunocontraception. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 401–409.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Shemesh M. , and Shore L. S. (1994). Effect of hormones in the environment on reproduction of cattle. In: ‘Factors Affecting Calf Crop’. (Eds M. J. Fields and R. S. Sand.) pp. 287–297. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)

Sherley M. (2007) Is sodium fluoroacetate (1080) a humane poison? Animal Welfare 16, 449–458.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Short J., Caughley G., Grice D., Brown B. (1988) The distribution and relative abundance of camels in Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 15, 91–97. open url image1

Sibly R. M., Hone J. (2002) Population growth rate and its determinants: an overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 357, 1153–1170.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Sturtevant J. (1970) Pigeon control by pigeon chemosterilisation: population model from laboratory results. Science 170, 322–324.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Sturtevant J. (1971) Evaluation of environmental hazards following the use of synthetic grit containing mestranol for pigeon control. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 19, 649–659.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Szostak M. P., Hensel A., Eko F. O., Klein R., Auer T., Mader H., Haslberger A., Bunka S., Wanner G., Lubitz W. (1996) Bacterial ghosts: non-living candidate vaccines. Journal of Biotechnology 44, 161–170.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Tacket C. O., Mason H. S., Losonsky G., Clements J. D., Levine M. M., Arntzen C. J. (1998) Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant bacterial antigen delivered in potatoes. Nature Medicine 4, 607–609.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Talwar G. P., Gaur A. (1987) Recent developments in immunocontraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 157, 1075–1078.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Talwar G. P., Raina K., Gupta J. C., Ray R., Wadhwa S., Ali M. M. (2004) A recombinant luteinising-hormone-releasing-hormone immunogen bioeffective in causing prostatic atrophy. Vaccine 22, 3713–3721.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Tasheva M. (1995). ‘Anticoagulant Rodenticides.’ (World Health Organization: Geneva.)

Trueman K. F., Powell M. W. (1991) Suspected poisoning of camels by Trema tomentosa (poison peach). Australian Veterinary Journal 68, 213–214.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Turner J. W., Kirkpatrick J. F. (1991) New developments in feral horse contraception and their potential application to wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19, 350–359.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Turner J. W., Liu I. K., Kirkpatrick J. F. (1996) Remotely delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros (Equus asinus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 107, 31–35.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Twigg L. E., King D. R., Bowen L. H., Wright G. R., Eason C. T. (1996a) Fluoroacetate found in Nemcia spathulata. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 411–412.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Twigg L. E., King D. R., Bowen L. H., Wright G. R., Eason C. T. (1996b) Fluoroacetate content of some species of the toxic Australian plant genus Gastrolobium and its environmental persistence. Natural Toxins 4, 122–127.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Tyndale-Biscoe C. H. (1994) Virus-vectored immunocontraception of feral mammals. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 281–287.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Vickery B. H., McRae G. I., Goodpasture J. C., Sanders L. M. (1989) Use of potent LHRH analogues for chronic contraception and pregnancy termination in dogs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 39, 175–187.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Waddell R. B., Osborn D. A., Warren R. J., Griffin J. C., Kesler D. J. (2001) Prostoglandin F2alpha-mediated fertility control in captive white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29, 1067–1074. open url image1

Wernery U., Kaaden O. R. (2004) Foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review. Veterinary Journal 168, 134–142.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Wernery U., Zachariah R. (1999) Experimental camelpox infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated dromedaries. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 46, 131–135.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

White L. M., Warren R. J., Fayrer-Hosken R. A. (1994) Levonorgesterel implants as a contraceptive in captive white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30, 241–246.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1

Williams C. K. (1997) Development and use of virus-vectored immunocontraception. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 169–178.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Wilson R. T. (1984). ‘The Camel.’ (Longman: London.)

Wood S. G., Fitzpatrick K., Bright J. E., Inns R. H., Marrs T. C. (1991) Studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 4-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) in rats, dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Human and Experimental Toxicology 10, 365–374.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Woulfe M. R. (1970) Reproduction inhibitors for bird control. Vertebrate Pest Conference 4, 168–170. open url image1

Yang W. H., Wieczorck M., Allen M. C., Nett T. M. (2003) Cytotoxic activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-pokeweed antiviral protein conjugates in cell lines expressing GnRH receptors. Endocrinology 144, 1456–1463.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Young J., De Lai L. (1997) Population declines of predatory birds coincident with the introduction of Klerat rodenticide in North Queensland. Australian Bird Watcher 17, 160–167. open url image1

Zhang G. D. (1982) Preliminary observations on the trypanocidal effect of fruzolidone in mice artificially infected with Trypanosama evansi. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, 20. open url image1

Zimbelman R. G., Smith W. L. (1966) Control of ovulation in cattle with melengestrol acetate. I. Effect of dosage and route of administration. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 11, 185–191.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1