Australian rangeland futures: time now for systemic responses to interconnected challenges
Barney Foran
A H , Mark Stafford Smith B , Don Burnside C , Martin Andrew D , Don Blesing E , Kate Forrest F and John Taylor G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.
B CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C D.G. Burnside & Associates, 29 Woodsome Street, Mount Lawley, WA 6050, Australia.
D Martin Andrew Solutions, 132 Kensington Road, Toorak Gardens, SA 5065, Australia.
E Agri-Vision Advisory, PO Box 149, Kent Town, SA 5067, Australia.
F Rangeland NRM Alliance, 92 Galah St, Longreach, Qld 4730, Australia.
G Rangelands Australia, 37 Pioneer Crescent, Bellbowrie, Qld 4070, Australia.
H Corresponding author. Email: bforan@csu.edu.au
The Rangeland Journal 41(3) 271-292 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ18105
Submitted: 12 November 2018 Accepted: 19 June 2019 Published: 19 July 2019
Journal Compilation © Australian Rangeland Society 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Australia’s rangelands contain wildlands, relatively intact biodiversity, widespread Indigenous cultures, pastoral and mining industries all set in past and present events and mythologies. The nature of risks and threats to these rangelands is increasingly global and systemic. Future policy frameworks must acknowledge this and act accordingly. We collate current key information on land tenures and land uses, people and domestic livestock in Australian rangelands, and discuss five perspectives on how the rangelands are changing that should inform the development of integrated policy: climate and environmental change, the southern rangelands, the northern rangelands, Indigenous Australia, and governance and management. From these perspectives we argue that more attention must be paid to: ensuring a social licence to operate across a range of uses, acknowledging and supporting a younger, more Indigenous population, implementing positive aspects of technological innovation, halting capital and governance leakages, and building human capacity. A recommended set of systemic responses should therefore (i) address governance issues consistently and comprehensively, (ii) ensure that new technologies can foster the delivery of sustainable livelihoods, and (iii) focus capacity building on a community of industries where knowledge is built for the long-term, and do all three of these with an eye to the changing demographics of the rangelands.
Additional keywords: governance, human capacity, Indigenous, livelihoods, remoteness, sustainability.
References
ABARES (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences) (2017). Landuse by NRM region. Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/aclump/land-use/catchment-scale-land-use-reports (accessed 22 January 2019).ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) (2014). Timeline: droughts and Australian drought policy 1895–2014. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/specials/drought-timeline/#30 (accessed 19 October 2018).
Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia (2018). Map of trust lands. Available at: https://alt.sa.gov.au/wp/index.php/about-us/alt-map/ (accessed 6 February 2019).
Aboriginal Lands Trust of Western Australia (2018). Government of Western Australia: Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage: Aboriginal Lands Trust. Available at: https://www.dplh.wa.gov.au/alt (accessed 6 February 2019).
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2016a). Quickstats – data by geography. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home/Census?OpenDocument&ref=topBar (accessed 22 January 2019).
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2016b). Mining operations, Australia, 2014–15. ABS Report 8415.0. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8415.0 (accessed 6 February 2019).
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2017). Agricultural land and water ownership, 2015–16. ABS 7127.0 released 13/09/2017 Datacube Table 5. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/7127.02015-16?OpenDocument (accessed 3 August 2018).
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2018). Value of agricultural commodities produced, Australia, 2016–17. ABS report 7503.0. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/7503.0 (accessed 6 February 2019).
Adult Learning Australia (2018). Bridges and barriers to adult education in the bush. Available at: https://ala.asn.au/bridges-and-barriers-to-adult-education-in-the-bush/ (accessed 4 February 2019).
ANZECC and ARMCANZ (1999). ‘National Principles and Guidelines for Rangeland Management.’ (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ), Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT.) Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/natural-resources/land-salinity/armcanz-may28.pdf (accessed 4 February 2019)
Archer, S. R., Andersen, E. M., Predick, K. I., Schwinning, S., Steidl, R. J., and Woods, S. R. (2017). Woody plant encroachment: causes and consequences. In: ‘Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges’. (Ed. D. D. Briske.) pp. 25–84. (Springer International Publishing: Cham.)
ARS (2019). Australian Rangelands Society website, landing page. Available at: https://www.austrangesoc.com.au/ (accessed 14 February 2019).
Australian Beef Sustainability Framework (2017). 2017 Framework Report. Available at: https://www.sustainableaustralianbeef.com.au/ (accessed 28 February 2018).
Australian Government (2005). Outback Australia – The Rangelands. Department of Environment and Energy. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/land/rangelands (accessed 6 February 2019).
Australian Government (2011). Department of the Environment and Energy website. Kangaroo population estimates. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/natives/wild-harvest/kangaroo-wallaby-statistics/kangaroo-population (accessed 27 June 2019).
Australian Government (2017a). Department of Agriculture and Water Resources: Rangelands. Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/natural-resources/vegetation/rangelands (accessed 22 January 2019).
Australian Government (2017b). Austrade: Tourism Research Australia: Tourism Satellite Account 2016–17. Available at: https://www.tra.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/254/Tourism%20Satellite%20Account%202016-17.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y (accessed 6 February 2019).
Australian Government (2017c). Austrade: Tourism Research Australia: Regional Tourism Satellite Account 2016–17. Available at: https://www.tra.gov.au/Economic-analysis/Economic-Value/Regional-Tourism-Satellite-Account/regional-tourism-satellite-account (accessed 6 February 2019).
Australian Government (2018a). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs). Available at: https://www.pmc.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas-ipas (accessed 22 January 2019).
Australian Government (2018b). Closing the gap. The Prime Ministers Report 2018. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australian Government, Canberra. Available at: https://closingthegap.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/ctg-report-2018.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Australian Government (2018c). ‘Register of Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land: Report of Registrations as at 30 June 2018.’ (Australian Tax Office, Australian Government: Canberra, ACT.) Available at: https://cdn.tspace.gov.au/uploads/sites/79/2018/12/Register_of_Foreign_Ownership_of_Agr.pdf (accessed 3 July 2019)
AWC (2018). Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Available at: http://www.australianwildlife.org/ (accessed 19 October 2018).
Balent, G., and Stafford Smith, D. M. (1993). Conceptual model for evaluating the consequences of management practices on the use of pastoral resources. In: ‘Session Summary, Proceedings of IVth International Rangelands Congress’. April 1991, Montpellier, France. pp. 1158–1164.
Barber, M. (2018). Settling for dams? planning for sustainable Indigenous livelihoods within large-scale irrigated agricultural development in north Queensland, Australia. The Rangeland Journal 40, 365–379.
| Settling for dams? planning for sustainable Indigenous livelihoods within large-scale irrigated agricultural development in north Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bastin, G. and the ACRIS Management Committee (2008). Rangelands — Taking the Pulse. National Land and Water Resources Audit, Canberra, ACT. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris-rangelands-2008-taking-pulse (accessed 6 February 2019).
Bastin, G. N., Stafford Smith, D. M., Watson, I. W., and Fisher, A. (2009). The Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System: preparing for a climate of change. The Rangeland Journal 31, 111–125.
| The Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System: preparing for a climate of change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beef Central (2017). Ag census data suggests smaller cattle herd. Available at: https://www.beefcentral.com/production/ag-census-results-point-to-smaller-than-estimated-herd-size/ (accessed 6 February 2019).
BHP (2017). Reconciliation Action Plan 2017–2020. BHP, Melbourne, Vic. Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/ourapproach/operatingwithintegrity/indigenouspeoples/180717_bhpreconciliationactionplan.pdf?la=en (accessed 6 February 2019).
Blesing, D., Andrew, M., Foran, B., Abel, N., and Bourne, J. (1996). Looking out or looking In Two ways ahead for Australia’s rangelands. In ‘Sustainable Habitation in the Rangelands. Proceedings of the Fenner Conference on the Environment’. 29–30 October 1996, 156 pp. (Eds N. Abel and S. Ryan.) (CSIRO: Canberra, ACT.)
BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2018). Australian rainfall deficiency analyser. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/#tabs=Rainfall-tracker (accessed 22 January 2019).
Brandis, A.J. (2008). ‘Rescuing the Rangelands: Management Strategies for Restoration and Conservation of the Natural Heritage of the WA Rangelands after 150 Years of Pastoralism.’ (Department of Environment and Conservation: Perth, WA.) Available at: https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/920107.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019)
Brisbin, J. (2018). Plans are useless, but planning is essential. The Rangeland Journal 40, 401–414.
| Plans are useless, but planning is essential.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cai, W., Borlace, S., Lengaigne, M., van Rensch, P., Collins, M., Vecchi, G., Timmermann, A., Santoso, A., McPhaden, M. J., Wu, L., England, M. H., Wang, G., Guilyardi, E., and Jin, F.-F. (2014). Increasing frequency of extreme El Nino events due to greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change 4, 111–116.
| Increasing frequency of extreme El Nino events due to greenhouse warming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (2014). Annual report 2013–2014. CYLCAC, Parramatta Park, Qld. Available at: http://www.cylc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cylc_annual_report_2013-14.pdf (accessed 6 February 2019).
Central Land Council (CLC) (2017). CLC ranger program report 2015–2016. Supplement to the CLC Annual Report 2015–2016. Central Land Council, Alice Springs, NT. Available at: https://www.clc.org.au/index.php?/publications/content/clc-ranger-report-supplement-to-2016-2017-annual-report/ (accessed 22 January 2019).
Conoco Phillips Australia (2018). Fire with fire: capturing the story behind the West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement (WALFA) project. Available at: http://www.conocophillips.com.au/sustainable-development/walfa/ (accessed 19 October 2018).
Cowley, R. A., Hearnden, M. H., Joyce, K. E., Tovar-Valencia, M., Cowley, T. M., Pettit, C. L., and Dyer, R. M. (2014). How hot? How often? Getting the fire frequency and timing right for optimal management of woody cover and pasture composition in northern Australian grazed tropical savannas. Kidman Springs Fire Experiment 1993–2013. The Rangeland Journal 36, 323–345.
| How hot? How often? Getting the fire frequency and timing right for optimal management of woody cover and pasture composition in northern Australian grazed tropical savannas. Kidman Springs Fire Experiment 1993–2013.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Curtis, A., Ross, H., Marshall, G. R., Baldwin, C., Cavaye, J., Freeman, C., Carr, A., and Syme, G. J. (2014). The great experiment with devolved NRM governance: lessons from community engagement in Australia and New Zealand since the 1980s. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 21, 175–199.
| The great experiment with devolved NRM governance: lessons from community engagement in Australia and New Zealand since the 1980s.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DAFWA (Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia) (2017). Report card on sustainable natural resource use in the rangelands: status and trend in the pastoral rangelands of Western Australia. Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA. Available at: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Report%20card%20on%20sustainable%20natural%20resource%20use%20in%20the%20rangelands%20-%20full%20report%20%28PDF%2031.5MB%29.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Dale, A. P. (2018). From conflict to collaboration: can better governance systems facilitate the sustainable development of the northern pastoral industry, communities and landscapes. The Rangeland Journal 40, 331–340.
| From conflict to collaboration: can better governance systems facilitate the sustainable development of the northern pastoral industry, communities and landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doel-Mackaway, H. (2017). Aboriginal children and young people’s views about the intervention. Monash University Law Review 43, 76–112.
Eady, S., Grundy, M., Battaglia, M., and Keating, B. (eds.) (2009). ‘An Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Carbon Sequestration Opportunities from Rural Land Use.’ (CSIRO: Brisbane.)
Emissions Reduction Fund (2018). Map of emissions reduction projects: Clean Energy Regulator. Available at: http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/maps/Pages/erf-projects/index.html# (accessed 12 October 2018).
Foran, B. D. (2007). Sifting the future from the past: A personal assessment of trends impacting the Australia rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 29, 3–11.
| Sifting the future from the past: A personal assessment of trends impacting the Australia rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Foran, B. D., and Walker, B. (Eds) (1985). ‘Science and Technology for Aboriginal Development.’ (CSIRO and Centre for Appropriate Technology: Alice Springs, NT.)
FYA (Foundation for Young Australians) (2017). The new work smarts: thriving in the new work order. Available at: https://www.fya.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FYA_TheNewWorkSmarts_July2017.pdf (accessed 28 January 2019).
Gavin, J. (2017). The implications of the emerging carbon economy for the management of the rangelands. In: ‘Proceedings of the Australian Rangeland Society 19th Biennial Conference’. September 2017, Port Augusta, SA. (Eds P. Erkelenz and M. Andrew.) Available at: https://www.austrangesoc.com.au/data/ARSC2017/2017_Conference_Papers/Gavin_Paper_32.pdf (accessed 28 January 2019)
Hacker, R. B. (2013). Celebrating diversity: people, place and purpose. A synthesis of the 17th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society. The Rangeland Journal 35, 241–244.
| Celebrating diversity: people, place and purpose. A synthesis of the 17th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Jessop, P. J., Smith, W. J., and Melville, G. J. (2010). A ground cover-based incentive approach to enhancing resilience in rangelands viewed as complex adaptive systems. The Rangeland Journal 32, 283–291.
| A ground cover-based incentive approach to enhancing resilience in rangelands viewed as complex adaptive systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harle, K. J., Howden, S. M., Hunt, L. P., and Dunlop, M. (2007). The potential impact of climate change on the Australian wool industry by 2030. Agricultural Systems 93, 61–89.
| The potential impact of climate change on the Australian wool industry by 2030.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hennessy, K., Fawcett, R., Kirono, D., Mpelasoka, F., Jones, D., Bathols, J., Whetton, P., Stafford Smith, M., Howden, M., Mitchell, C., and Plummer, N. (2008). An assessment of the impact of climate change on the nature and frequency of exceptional climatic events. Report prepared for the Bureau of Meteorology, Canberra, ACT. Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/ag-food/drought/farmmanagementdeposits/csiro-bom-report-future-droughts.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Holmes, J. H. (1996). Diversity and change in Australia’s rangeland regions: Translating resource values into regional benefits. The Rangeland Journal 19, 3–25.
| Diversity and change in Australia’s rangeland regions: Translating resource values into regional benefits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holmes, P. (2015). Rangeland pastoralism in northern Australia: change and sustainability. The Rangeland Journal 37, 609–616.
| Rangeland pastoralism in northern Australia: change and sustainability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Howden, S. M. (2017). Living with climate change. In: ‘Proceedings of the Australian Rangeland Society 19th Biennial Conference’. September 2017, Port Augusta, SA. (Eds P. Erkelenz and M. Andrew.) (Australian Rangeland Society: Adelaide, SA.)
ILC (Indigenous Land Corporation) (2017). Annual report 2016–2017. Commonwealth of Australia, Adelaide, South Australia. Available at: http://www.ilc.gov.au/Home/About-Us/Publications/Latest-Annual-Report (accessed 22 January 2019).
Ipsos and Winangali (2017). Evaluation. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Family Led Decision Making Trial. Unpublished report prepared for SNAICC – National Voice for our Children, Fitzroy North, Victoria. Available at: https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/2018/05/30/report-evaluation-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-family-led-decision-making-trial (accessed 22 January 2019).
Jarvis, D., Stoeckl, N., Addison, J., Larson, S., Hill, R., Pert, P., and Lui, F. W. (2018). Are Indigenous land and sea management programs a pathway to Indigenous economic independence? The Rangeland Journal 40, 415–429.
| Are Indigenous land and sea management programs a pathway to Indigenous economic independence?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Joyner, T. (2018). Remote work-for-the-dole scheme has ‘devastating’ impact on Indigenous people, say participants. ABC Goldfields 14 Jul 2018. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-14/cdp-pushing-people-into-further-poverty-aboriginal-people-say/9932538 (accessed 6 November 2018).
Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia (KIAA) (2018). Economic benefits of the kangaroo industry. Available at: http://www.kangarooindustry.com/industry/economic/ (accessed 6 February 2019).
Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa (2017). Annual report 2016–2017. Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa, Newman, Western Australia. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54e3fc54e4b08f2ad4349a65/t/59dc72a990badec5d236a09c/1507619771282/KJ+2017+Annual+report+compressed.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Mackie, K., and Meacheam, D. (2016). Working on country: a case study of unusual environmental program success. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 23, 157–174.
| Working on country: a case study of unusual environmental program success.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall, N. A. (2015). Adaptive capacity on the northern Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 37, 617–622.
| Adaptive capacity on the northern Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKeon, G. M., Stone, G. S., Syktus, J. I., Carter, J. O., Flood, N. R., Ahrens, D. G., Bruget, D. N., Chilcott, C. R., Cobon, D. H., Cowley, R. A., Crimp, S. J., Fraser, G. W., Howden, S. M., Johnston, P. W., Ryan, J. G., Stokes, C. J., and Day, K. A. (2009). Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues. The Rangeland Journal 31, 1–29.
| Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MLA (2014a). Investment plan for natural resource management within livestock production systems of Australian rangelands: A Draft R, D & E Business Plan. Project code: B.ERM.0094, Meat & Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW.
MLA (2014b). The northern beef report: 2013 Northern Beef Situation Analysis. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/research-and-development/search-rd-reports/final-report-details/Productivity-On-Farm/The-Northern-beef-report-2013-Northern-beef-situation-analysis/234 (accessed 22 January 2019).
MLA (2016). Strategic plan 2016–2020. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/about-mla/documents/who-we-are–corporate-goverance/mla-strategic-plan_doc_2020_web.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
MLA (2017a). Sheep numbers as at June 2016. Natural Resource Management Regions. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/prices–markets/documents/trends–analysis/fast-facts–maps/mla_sheep-numbers-map-2016-17.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
MLA (2017b). Cattle numbers as at June 2016. Natural Resource Management Regions. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/prices–markets/documents/trends–analysis/fast-facts–maps/cattle-numbers-map-2018-as-at-june-2017-data.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
MLA (2017c). Fast Facts 2017: Australia’s Sheep Industry. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/prices–markets/documents/trends–analysis/fast-facts–maps/mla_sheep-fast-facts-2017_final.pdf (accessed 6 February 2019).
MLA (2018a). Addressing feed supply and demand through total grazing pressure management: Report B.TGP.1702. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/download/finalreports?itemId=3747 (accessed 4 February 2019).
MLA (2018b). Industry projections 2018: Australian cattle. Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney, NSW. Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/prices–markets/documents/trends–analysis/cattle-projections/mla_australian-cattle-industry-projections-2018.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
National Native Title Tribunal (2018). Maps at national, state, territory and regional level. Available at: http://www.nntt.gov.au/assistance/Geospatial/Pages/Maps.aspx (accessed 29 January 2019).
National Rangelands Management Working Group (1996). Draft National Strategy for Rangelands Management. Department of the Environment, Sports and Territories, Canberra, ACT. Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/natural-resources/land-salinity/armcanz-may28.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Ninti One (2018). Stronger Communities for Children Program. Available at: https://www.nintione.com.au/project/stronger-communities-children/ (accessed 2 October 2018).
North Australia and Rangelands Fire Information (2018). Searchable map. Available at: http://138.80.129.56/nafi3/ (accessed 28 February 2019).
Office of the Auditor General (2017). Management of the Pastoral lands of Western Australia. Report 17, Government of Western Australia: Perth, WA. Available at: https://audit.wa.gov.au/reports-and-publications/reports/management-pastoral-lands-western-australia/auditor-generals-overview/ (accessed 22 January 2019).
Outback Ecology (2012). The impact, opportunities and risks of the Carbon Farming Initiative for the Western Australian Rangelands. Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Agriculture and Food: Perth, WA. Available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/modernoutback/pages/513/attachments/original/1472028397/Outback_Ecology_Report_-_The_Impact_Opportunities_and_Risks_ of_the_Carbon_Farming_Initiative_%28CFI%29_for_the_WA_ Rangelands_%28A1184750%29_redacted.pdf?1472028397 (accessed 22 January 2019).
Pastoral Land Board (2016). Annual report 2015–2016. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Darwin, NT. Available at: https://denr.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/430350/Pastoral-Land-Board-AR-2015-162.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019)
Pastoral Land Board (2017). Annual report 2016–2017. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Darwin, NT. Available at: https://denr.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/540573/Pastoral-Land-Board_AR-2016-17_LR.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Petheram, C., Gallant, J., Stone, P., Wilson, P., and Read, A. (2018). Rapid assessment of potential for development of large dams and irrigation across continental areas: application to northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 40, 431–449.
| Rapid assessment of potential for development of large dams and irrigation across continental areas: application to northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pew Charitable Trusts (2014). ‘The Modern Outback: nature, people and the future of remote Australia.’ (Pew Environment Group: Sydney, NSW.) Available at: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/10/the-modern-outback (accessed 22 January 2019)
Pittock, B. (2011). Co-benefits of large-scale renewables in remote Australia: energy futures and climate change. The Rangeland Journal 33, 315–325.
| Co-benefits of large-scale renewables in remote Australia: energy futures and climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Queensland Government (2018). The long paddock: Request forage property reports. Available at: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/vegetation/mapping/groundcover (accessed 28 February 2019).
Race, D., Mathew, S., Campbell, M., and Hampton, K. (2016a). Are Australian Aboriginal communities adapting to a warmer climate? A study of communities living in semi-arid Australia. Journal of Sustainable Development 9, 208–223.
| Are Australian Aboriginal communities adapting to a warmer climate? A study of communities living in semi-arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Race, D., Mathew, S., Campbell, M., and Hampton, K. (2016b). Understanding climate adaptation investments for communities living in desert Australia: experiences of indigenous communities. Climatic Change 139, 461–475.
| Understanding climate adaptation investments for communities living in desert Australia: experiences of indigenous communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rangeland NRM Alliance (2018). Action through collaboration – a network for improving natural resource management across 80% of Australia. Available at: http://www.rangelandnrmalliance.org.au/ (accessed 19 October 2018).
Reynolds, J. F., Stafford Smith, D. M., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore, M., Batterbury, S. P. J., Downing, T. E., Dowlatabadi, H., Fernandez, R. J., Herrick, J. E., Huber-Sannwald, E., Jiang, H., Leemans, R., Lynam, T., Maestre, F. T., Ayarza, M., and Walker, B. (2007). Global Desertification: building a science for dryland development. Science 316, 847–851.
| Global Desertification: building a science for dryland development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17495163PubMed |
Rio Tinto (2017). Annual report 2016–2017. Rio Tinto Limited, Melbourne, Vic. Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/investors/annual-report-16577.aspx (accessed 22 January 2019).
Roxburgh, C. W., and Pratley, J. E. (2015). The future of food production research in the rangelands: Challenges and prospects for research investment, organisation and human resources. The Rangeland Journal 37, 125–138.
| The future of food production research in the rangelands: Challenges and prospects for research investment, organisation and human resources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sparrow, B. (2017). Monitoring in the Australian Rangelands: Where we’ve come from and where we should be headed. In: ‘Proceedings of the Australian Rangeland Society 19th Biennial Conference’. September 2017, Port Augusta, SA. (Eds P. Erkelenz and M. Andrew.) Available at: https://www.austrangesoc.com.au/data/ARSC2017/2017_Conference_Papers/Sparrow_SessionKeynote.pdf (accessed 30 January 2019).
Stafford Smith, M., and Cribb, J. (2009). ‘Dry Times: A Blueprint for a Red Land.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Stafford Smith, M., and Huigen, J. (2009). From desert syndrome to desert system: developing a science of desert living. Dialogue 28, 8–18.
Stafford Smith, M., and McAllister, R. R. J. (2008). Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability – an approach from first principles. The Rangeland Journal 30, 15–27.
| Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability – an approach from first principles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
State of the Environment Committee (2011). Australia State of the Environment 2011. Independent report to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government, Canberra, ACT. Available at: https://soe.environment.gov.au/sites/default/files/soe2011-report-complete.pdf?v=1488164460 (accessed 22 January 2019).
Stringer, L. C., Reed, M. S., Fleskens, L., Thomas, R. J., Le, Q. B., and Lala-Pritchard, T. (2017). A New Dryland development paradigm grounded in empirical analysis of dryland systems science. Land Degradation & Development 28, 1952–1961.
| A New Dryland development paradigm grounded in empirical analysis of dryland systems science.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, J. A., and Andrews, T. (2012). Drivers and outcomes of innovations in demand-driven and student-centered learning. Rangelands 34, 21–25.
| Drivers and outcomes of innovations in demand-driven and student-centered learning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tourism Australia (2016). Reconciliation Action Plan 2014–2016. Tourism Australia, Sydney, NSW. Available at: http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/dam/assets/document/1/6/x/6/w/2002568.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
URS Australia Pty Ltd (2001). The WEST 2000 Rural Partnership Program: An Independent Evaluation. Unpublished report prepared for Board of Management, WEST 2000, Dubbo, NSW. Available at: http://www.regional.org.au/au/aanrm/2001/ferraro.htm (accessed 22 January 2019).
URS Australia Pty Ltd (2004). Final Evaluation of the Gascoyne Murchison Strategy. Unpublished report prepared for the Department of Agriculture and the Board of the Gascoyne Murchison Strategy, Geraldton, WA.
URS Australia Pty Ltd (2013). Sustainable Land Use and Economic Development Opportunities in the Western Australian Rangelands. Unpublished report prepared for the Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA. Available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/modernoutback/pages/515/attachments/original/1472028646/Rangeland_Opportunities_Final_Report_URS_2013.pdf?1472028646 (accessed 22 January 2019).
URS Australia Pty Ltd (2015). WEST 2000 Plus Evaluation. Unpublished report prepared for Western Local Land Services, Dubbo, NSW. Available at: http://western.lls.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/656430/west2000-plus.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
Walker, B. W., Porter, D. J., and Marsh, I. (2012). ‘Fixing the Hole in Australia’s Heartland: How Government Needs to Work in Remote Australia.’ (Desert Knowledge Australia: Alice Springs, NT.) Available at: http://ecite.utas.edu.au/82898 (accessed 22 January 2019)
Waters, C., and Hacker, R. (2008). ‘Integration of Biodiversity and Primary Production in Northern and Western New South Wales.’ (Department of Primary Industries: Orange, NSW.) Available at: http://archive.lls.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/496628/archive-integration-of-biodiversity-and-primary-production-in-northern-and-western-new-s.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019)
Waters, C., Orgill, S., and Melville, G. (2016). Trade-offs between management of grazing intensity, soil carbon and biodiversity. In: ‘Proceedings of the Xth International Rangeland Congress’. 24–29 July 2016, Saskatoon, Canada. (Eds A. Iwaasa, H. A. Lardner, M. Schellenberg, W. Willms and K. Larson.)
Waters, C., Reseigh-O’Brien, J., Pahl, L., Atkinson, T., Burnside, D. and Revell, D. (2018). ‘Addressing feed supply and demand through total grazing pressure management.’ (NSW Department of Primary Industries: Orange, NSW.) Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/download/finalreports?itemId=3747 (accessed 22 January 2019)
WEF (2007). Global risks 2007: a global risks network report. A report prepared by the World Economic Forum Global Risks Network, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.mccombs.utexas.edu/~/media/Files/MSB/Centers/CRMI/GlobalRisks2007.pdf (accessed 22 January 2019).
WEF (2018). The global risks report 2018. World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2018 (accessed 22 January 2019).
Williams, A.N. (2013). A new population curve for prehistoric Australia. Proceedings Royal Society B 280, 20130486.
| A new population curve for prehistoric Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, J. (2017). Growing sustainably: The physical and social capital of pastoralism in South Australia. In: ‘Proceedings of the Australian Rangeland Society 19th Biennial Conference’. September 2017, Port Augusta, SA. (Eds P. Erkelenz and M. Andrew.) (Australian Rangeland Society: Adelaide, SA.)
