Stocktake Sale on now: wide range of books at up to 70% off!
Register      Login
Australian Systematic Botany Australian Systematic Botany Society
Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of plants
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > SB > SB24013
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 38(3)

Reinstatement of Sabdariffa and new combinations to support a monophyletic concept of Hibiscus (Malvaceae: Hibisceae)

Russell L. Barrett https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-8321 A B * , Vania Nobuko Yoshikawa C , Todd G. B. McLay D E F , Marília Cristina Duarte G , Geoffrey Mwachala H and Margaret M. Hanes I
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A National Herbarium of New South Wales, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Locked Bag 6002, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia.

B Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales—Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.

C Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Prédio Sobre-as-Ondas, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil. Email: vnyoshikawa@usp.br

D Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Email: todd.mclay@csiro.au

E Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia.

F School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

G Herbarium Mogiense, Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Avenida Dr Cândido Xavier de Almeida e Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP: 08780-911, Brazil. Email: mariliacd@umc.br

H East African Herbarium, Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Email: gmwachala@gmail.com

I Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA. Email: mkoopma2@emich.edu

* Correspondence to: russell.barrett@botanicgardens.nsw.gov.au

Handling Editor: Joeri Strijk

Australian Systematic Botany 38, SB24013 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB24013
Submitted: 17 May 2024  Accepted: 28 March 2025  Published: 21 May 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Recent phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that Hibiscus L. as traditionally defined is grossly polyphyletic. In a major step towards making Hibiscus monophyletic, the genus Sabdariffa (DC.) Kostel. is here reinstated for Hibiscus section Furcaria DC. In total, 123 new combinations are provided (for 117 species and 6 subspecies). Numerous lectotypes are designated. Sabdariffa has a pantropical distribution, with high species diversity in tropical Africa, tropical America and northern Australia. False roselle (Sabdariffa acetosella (Welw. ex Hiern) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett), kenaf (Sabdariffa cannabina (L.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett) and roselle (Sabdariffa gossypiifolia (Mill.) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett) are all of global economic significance. Ma‘o hau hele (Sabdariffa brackenridgei (A.Gray) M.M.Hanes & R.L.Barrett) is the official state flower of Hawai’i. Full synonymy and type details are included, along with distributions and references to existing descriptions for all species. A series of regional keys to species is presented here with current names in Sabdariffa.

Keywords: classification, false roselle, fibre plants, Hibisceae, Hibiscus section Furcaria, kenaf, Mallows, Malvaceae, roselle, systematics, taxonomy.

References

Abdallah MS, Sa’ad F, El-Kholy SA (1976) Taxonomical studies in the flora of Egypt VI. Culinary cultivars of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in Egypt. Notes Agricultural Research Centre Herbarium Egypt 3, 1-20.
| Google Scholar |

Abdullah MF, Mehmood F, Shahzadi I, Waseem S, Mirza B, Ahmed I, Waheed MT (2020) Chloroplast genome of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae): comparative analyses and identification of mutational hotspots. Genomics 112(1), 581-591.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Abedin S (1979) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of West Pakistan. Vol. 130’. (Eds E Nasir, SI Ali) pp. 1–107. (University of Karachi: Karachi, Pakistan)

Abedin S, Al-Yahya M, Mossa J, Al-Siad M (1999) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Illustrated. Vol. 1’. (Eds AS Chaudhary) pp. 356–392. (Ministry of Agriculture & Water, National Herbarium, National Agriculture and Water Research Center: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)

Acevedo-Rodríguez P (2005) Augustín Stahl. In ‘Flora of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands’. (National Museum of Natural History: Washington, DC, USA) Available at https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/botany/research/flora-puerto-rico-and-virgin-islands/agustin-stahl

Acevedo-Rodríguez P (2007) The extant botanical collections and nomenclatural types of Agustín Stahl, Puerto Rican botanist. Caribbean Journal of Science 43, 189-199.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT (2012) Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98, 1-1192.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Adams CD (1972) ‘Flowering plants of Jamaica.’ (University of the West Indies: Mona, Jamaica)

Amany M, Eisa SS, Mohamed AA, Al-Sharney I (2020) Taxonomic revision and numerical analysis of Hibiscus L. in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28, 117-130.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ahmed AK, Johnson KA (2000) Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 417-426.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Akoègninou A, van der Burg WJ, van der Maesen LJG (Eds) (2006) ‘Flore analytique du Bénin’. pp. 1–1034. (Backhuys Publishers: Leiden, Netherlands) [In French]

Akpan GA (2000) Cytogenetic characteristics and the breeding system in six Hibiscus species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100, 315-318.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Akpan GA (2007) Hibiscus. In ‘Flower breeding and genetics’. (Ed. NO Anderson) pp. 479–489. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands) 10.1007/978-1-4020-4428-1_17

Alain L, B (1953) Flore de Cuba. III. Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural del Colegio “De La Salle” 13, 251-257 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Albuquerque S, Brummitt RK, Figueiredo E (2009) Typification of names based on the Angolan collections of Friedrich Welwitsch. Taxon 58, 641-646.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Alessandrini A (1840) Rendiconto delle sessioni dell’Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna, Sessione del 21 Febbraio 1839. Nuovi Annali di Scienze Naturali 3, 135-143 [In Italian].
| Google Scholar |

Alexopoulou E, Papatheohari Y, Christou M, Monti A (2013) Origin, description, importance, and cultivation area of kenaf. In ‘Kenaf: a multi-purpose crop for several industrial applications’. (Eds A Monti, E Alexopoulou) Green Energy and Technology Series. pp. 1–15. (Springer: London, UK) 10.1007/978-1-4471-5067-1_1

Ali SI (1977) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Lybia. Vol. 10’. (Eds SI Ali, SMH Jafri) pp. 1–30. (Al Faateh University, Department of Botany: Tripoli, Lybia)

Alm J, Linnaeus C (1775) D.D. Plantae Surinamenses, quas, venia experient. facult. medicae, in Reg. Acad. Upsaliensi, praeside viro nobiliss. atque generoso D:no Doct. Carolo Linné. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala Universitet. (Typis Edmannianis: [Uppsala, Sweden]) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.59868

Al-Snafi AE (2018) Pharmacological effects and therapeutic properties of Hibiscus cannabinus – a review. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, 2176-2182.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Andrews FW (1952) ‘The flowering plants of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Vol. II (Sterculiaceae–Dipsacaceae).’ (Sudan Government by T. Buncle: Arbroath, UK)

Anjah GM, Ogunsanwo OY, Jimoh SO, Forjoh JN, Tsombou FM (2012) Assessment of regeneration potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. under established ecosystems in Cameroon. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 4(6), 96-102.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Areces Berazaín F (2006) Las especies cubanas de Hibiscus sección Furcaria (Malvaceae). Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana 25/26, 25-33 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Areces Berazaín F, Fryxell PA (2007) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora de la República de Cuba. Serie A. Plantas Vasculares. Fascículo 13’. (Eds W Greuter, R Rankin Rodríguez) pp. 1–228. (A.R. Gantner Verlag KG: Ruggell, Liechtenstein) [In Spanish]

Backer CA (1907) ‘Flora van Batavia. Deel I. Dicotyledones Dialypetalae. (Thalamiflorae en Disciflorae). Mededeelingen uitgaande van het Departement van Landbouw No. 4.’ (G. Kolff & Co: Batavia, Dutch East Indies) [In Dutch]

Badry MO, Tate JA, Sheded MG, El-Naggar SM, Hamed ST (2015) Macro- and micro-morphological characters of Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. subsp. diversifolius (Malvaceae): a new record for the flora of Egypt. Feddes Repertorium 126, 37-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Badry MO, Crayn DM, Tate JA (2017) Hibiscus diversifolius subsp. rivularis (Bremek. & Oberm.) Exell (Malvaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 10, 113-120.
| Google Scholar |

Bahadur KN, Dayal R, Raturi DP (1970) New plant records for the upper Gangetic Plain. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 70, 495-496.
| Google Scholar |

Bailey FM (1899) ‘The Queensland Flora. Vol. 1.’ (Diddams and Co.: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Bailey FM (1913) ‘A comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants.’ (Diddams and Co.: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Baillon MH (1885) Liste des plantes de Madagascar. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Paris 1(64), 508-512 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Baker EG (1894) Hibiscus scotellii. In Elliot GFS, On the botanical results of the Sierra Leone Boundary Commission. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 30, 64-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baker EG (1911) A contribution to our knowledge of the flora of Gazaland. Dicotyledonae. Polypetalae. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 40, 16-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baker EG (1937) Notes on tropical African species of Hibiscus. Journal of Botany 75, 98-102.
| Google Scholar |

Baker EG (1938) Notes from the British Museum herbarium. Journal of Botany 76, 19-22.
| Google Scholar |

Baker EG (1939) New Malvaceae from Angola. Journal of Botany 77, 17-22.
| Google Scholar |

Baldini RM, Macvean AL, Cristofolini G, Daniel TF, Managlia A, Galloni M (2019) Synopsis and typification of the names published by Antonio Bertoloni in Florula Guatimalensis and in preceding publications. Phytotaxa 420, 199-223.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Barker JSF (2005) Population structure and host-plant specialization in two Scaptodrosophila flower-breeding species. Heredity 94, 129-138.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Barrett RL (2015) Fifty new species of vascular plants from Western Australia – celebrating fifty years of the Western Australian Botanic Garden at Kings Park. Nuytsia 26, 3-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bates DM (1965a) Notes on the cultivated Malvaceae 1, Hibiscus. Baileya 13(2), 56-96.
| Google Scholar |

Bates DM (1965b) Notes on the cultivated Malvaceae. 1. Hibiscus. Baileya 13(3), 97-130.
| Google Scholar |

Bates DM (1971) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of the Galapagos Islands’. (Eds IL Wiggins, DM Porter) pp. 666–694. (Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA)

Bates DM (1989) Hibiscus brackenridgei. In Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH, Contributions to the flora of Hawai’i. II. Begoniaceae–Violaceae and the monocotyledons. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 29, 88-130.
| Google Scholar |

Bates DM (1990) Malvaceae. In ‘Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83’. (Eds WL Wagner, DR Herbst, SH Sohmer) pp. 868–903. (University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, HI, USA)

Bates DM (1999) Malvaceae. In ‘Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Bishop Museum Special Publication 97’, revised edn. (Eds WL Wagner, DR Herbst, SH Sohmer) pp. 868–903. (University of Hawaii Press/Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA)

Bentham G (1863) ‘Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory. Vol. I. Ranunculaceae to Anacardiaceae.’ (Lovell Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Berhaut J (1954) ‘Flore du Sénégal. Brousse et jardin, clé pratique.’ (Librairie Clair-Afrique: Dakar, Senegal) [In French]

Bertoloni A (1840) Florula Guatimalensis. Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 4, 403-443 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Bianchini G, Sánchez-Baracaldo P (2024) TreeViewer: flexible, modular software to visualise and manipulate phylogenetic trees. Ecology and Evolution 14, e10873.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Blanchard OJ Jr (2015) Hibiscus L. In ‘Flora of North America North of Mexico (Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae). Vol. 6’. (Eds Flora of North America Editorial Committee) pp. 252–267. (Oxford University Press)

Blanco FM (1837) ‘Flora de Filipinas.’ (Sto. Thomas: Manila, Philippines) [In Spanish]

Blanco FM (1845) ‘Flora de Filipinas: segun el sistema sexual de Linneo’, 2nd edn. (M. Sanchez: Manila, Philippines) [In Spanish] 10.5962/bhl.title.48447

Blanco FM (1879) ‘Flora de Filipinas. Vol. 3’, 3rd edn. (Eds A Naves, C Fernández-Villar) (de Plana: Manila, Philippines) [In Spanish] 10.5962/bhl.title.167120

Blume CL (1825) ‘Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie.’ (Ter Lands Drukkerij: Batavia, Dutch East Indies) [In Dutch]

Blundell M (1987) ‘Field guide to the wild flowers of East Africa.’ (Harper Collins: London, UK)

Borssum Waalkes J (1966) Malesian Malvaceae revised. Blumea 14(1), 1-251.
| Google Scholar |

Boulos L (2000) ‘Flora of Egypt, Geraniaceae–Boraginaceae. Vol. 2. Geraniaceae–Boraginaceae.’ (Al-Hadra Publishing: Cairo, Egypt)

Bovini MG, Carvalho-Okano MR, Vieira MF (2001) Malvaceae A. Juss. no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 52(81), 17-47 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bredenkamp CL (2019) Malvaceae sensu lato. In ‘A flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Volume 2’. (Ed. CL Bredenkamp). Strelitzia 41, 1181-1216 (National Botanical Institute: Pretoria, South Africa).
| Google Scholar |

Bremekamp CE, Obermeyer AA (1935) Sertum Kalahariense. A list of the plants collected. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 16(3), 399-442.
| Google Scholar |

Brenan JPM, Milne-Redhead E, Meikle RD, Ballard F (1953) Plants collected by the Vernay Nyasaland Expedition of 1946. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 8(3), 191-256.
| Google Scholar |

Britton NL, Millspaugh CF (1920) ‘The Bahama flora.’ (published by the authors: New York, NY, USA)

Brunel JF, Hiepo P, Scholz H (Eds) (1984) ‘Flore analytique du Togo phanérogames’. pp. 1–751. (GTZ: Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany) [In French] 10.2307/3776742

Camargo RP, De Oliveira Bezerra F, Yoshikawa VN, Lopes Esteves G, Duarte MC (2022) Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Malvoideae (Malvaceae). Boletim de Botânica Universidade São Paulo 39, 31-52 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Carabia JP (1943) Plantae Cubenses Novae I. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey” 17, 15-18 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Caum EL (1930) New Hawaiian Plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 9(5), 1-30.
| Google Scholar |

Cavaco A (1959) ‘Subsídios para o estudo da biologia na Lunda. Contribution à l’étude de la flore de la Lunda d’après les récoltes de Gossweiler (1946–1948). Museu do Dundo. No. 42.’ (Publicações Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, DIAMANG) [In French]

Cavanilles J (1787) ‘Tertia Dissertatio Botanica’. pp. 143–173. Pars XV. de Hibisco. (Franciscum Amb. Didot: Parisiis [Paris, France]) [In Latin]

Champion SJ (2020) Biogeography and phylogenetics of the Hawaiian endemic Hibiscadelphus, Hau Kuahiwi (Malvaceae). MSc thesis, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.

Chang C-E (1993) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Taiwan. Vol. 3’, 2nd edn. (Eds T-C Huang, C-F Hsieh, Z-Y Li, H-C Lo, H Ohashi, C-F Shen, J-C Wang, K-C Yang, J-M Hu, S-Y Yang) pp. 737–753. (Department of Botany, National Taiwan University: Taipei, Taiwan)

Cheek M (1992) Hibiscus sparseaculeatus (Malvaceae). In ‘The flowering plants of Africa. Vol. 52(1)’. (Ed LEW Codd) pl. 2058. (SANBI: Pretoria, South Africa)

Cheek M, Haba PK, Cisse S (2020) Hibiscus fabiana sp. nov. (Malvaceae) from the Guinea Highlands (West Africa). Blumea 65, 69-74.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chevalier A (1920) ‘Exploration botanique de l’Afrique occidental Française. Enumération des plantes récoltées avec une caste botanique, agricole et forestière. Vol. 1.’ (P. Lechevallier: Paris, France) [In French]

Chiovenda E (1923) Note sulla Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica di Pietro Forskal, pulicata Nel 1775. Bullettino della Società Botanica italiana 1923, 112-117 [In Italian].
| Google Scholar |

Chiovenda E (1936) Flora Somala III. Raccolte somale dei proff. G. Pollacci, L. Maffei, R. Ciferri e N. Puccioni fatte negli anni 1934 e 1935. Atti dell’Istituto Botanico dell’Università di Pavia ser. 4 7, 117-160 [In Italian].
| Google Scholar |

Chodat R, Hassler E (1905) Plantae Hasslerianae soit énumération des plantes récoltées au Paraguay par le Dr Émile Hassler d’Aarau (Suisse) de 1883 à 1902. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2 5, 288-305 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Cid-Ortega S, Guerrero-Beltrán JA (2015) Roselle calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an alternative to the food and beverages industries: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52, 6859-6869.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Commelin J (1697) ‘Horti medici Amstelodamensis rariorum. Vol. 1.’ (P. & J. Blaeu: Amstelodami, Dutch Republic) [In Dutch] 10.5962/bhl.title.820

Cooke T (1901) ‘Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. Vol. 1. Part 1. Ranunculaceae to Rubiaceae.’ (Taylor and Francis: London, UK) 10.5962/bhl.title.10884

Cooper W, Cooper WT (2004) ‘Fruits of the Australian tropical rainforest.’ (Nokomis Editions: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Correll D, Correll HB (1982) ‘Flora of the Bahama Archipelago (Including the Turks and Caicos Islands).’ (J. Cramer: Vaduz, Liechtenstein)

Coutinho TS, Fernandes-Júnior AJ (2024) Hibiscus. In ‘Flora e Funga do Brasil’. (Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB9079 [In Portuguese, verified 9 May 2024]

Coutinho TS, Colli-Silva M, Yoshikawa VN, Pastore JFB (2025) Revision of Malvaceae names from Vellozo’s Florae Fluminensis. Brittonia [Published online early 20 February 2025].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cowie ID, Kerrigan RA, Dixon DJ (2013) HIBISCUS L. In ‘Flora of the Darwin Region. Vol. 1’. (Eds PS Short, ID Cowie) pp. 12–19. (Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of Land Resource Management: Darwin, NT, Australia) Available at http://eflora.nt.gov.au/viewfile?file_id=4721 [Verified 16 February 2021]

Coyne P (2011) ‘Norfolk Island’s fascinating flora.’ (Petaurus Press: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Crane JC (1947) Kenaf: fiber-plant rival of jute. Economic Botany 1(3), 334-350.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Crane JC (1949) Roselle-a potentially important plant fiber. Economic Botany 3(1), 89-103.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Crane JC, Acuna JB (1945) Varieties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), a bast fiber plant, in Cuba. Botanical Gazette 106(3), 349-355.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Craven LA (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Craven LA, Wilson FD, Fryxell PA (2003) A taxonomic review of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Australian Systematic Botany 16, 185-218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Craven LA, Barrett RL, Barrett MD (2016) Three new species and one new combination in Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Muelleria 35, 3-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Craven LA, Barrett RL, Barrett MD (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Dalton A (2018) Native hibiscus dulls male libido, says Indigenous botanist. Australian Geographic, 18 February. Available at https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2018/02/native-hibiscus-dulls-male-libido-says-indigenous-botanist/ [Verified 11 April 2024]

Dalzell NA, Gibson A (1861) ‘The Bombay flora, or, Short descriptions of all the indigenous plants hitherto discovered in or near the Bombay presidency together with a supplement of introduced and naturalised species.’ (Education Society’s Press: Bombay, British India) 10.5962/bhl.title.33061

Dalziel JM (1948) ‘The useful plants of West Tropical Africa.’ (Crown Agents for the Colonies: London, UK)

Darbyshire I, Kordofani M, Farag I, Candiga R, Pickering H (Eds) (2015) ‘The plants of Sudan and South Sudan’. pp. 1–400. (Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK)

Dasgupta A, Bhatt RP (1981) Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae 11. Chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis of Thespesia, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus, Pavonia and Malachra. Cytologia 46, 149-160.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Candolle AP (1824) ‘Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. 1’. (Treuttel & Wurtz: Paris, France) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.286

de Cordemoy EJ (1895) ‘Flore de l’Ile la Réunion (Phanérogames, Cryptogames Vasculaires I Muscinées).’ (P. Klincksieck: Paris, France) [In French]

de Ficalho C (1881) Nomes vulgares de algumas plantas Africanus. O Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Ser. 2 18, 603-619 [In Portuguese].
| Google Scholar |

de L’Obel M (1576) ‘Plantarum seu stirpium historia.’ (Christophori Plantini: Antverpiae [Antwerp], Belgium) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.149138

de Lamarck J-BPA, Poiret J-L-M (1789) ‘Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. Vol. 3(1).’ (Panckoucke: Paris, France; and Plomteux: Liège, France) [In French]

de Lamarck J-BPA, Poiret J-L-M (1804) ‘Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique Supplement’. Tome 3. (Panckoucke: Paris, France; and Plomteux: Liège, France) [In French]

de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion, PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schonberger I, Hindmarsh-Walls R, Heenan PB, Ladley K (2018) ‘Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017’. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22. (Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand) Available at www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf

de Perini VA (1905) ‘Canhamo braziliensis Perini or “Brazilian linen”: Prospectus and explanatory notice regarding the cultivation of the above plant and its application to the textile and paper making industries.’ (The Brazilian Review: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

de Saint-Hilaire MMA (1828) Tribus III. Malveae. In ‘Flora Brasiliae meridionalis. Vol. 1. Part 2’. (Eds MMA de Saint-Hilaire, A Jussieu, J Cambessedes) pp. 173–278. (A. Belin: Parisiis [Paris, France]) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.45474

de Saint-Hilaire MMA, Naudin C (1842) Revue de la Flore du Brésil méridional. Deuxième Partie. Annales de Sciences Naturelles. Partie Botanique 18, 24-54 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

de Vriese WH (1848) Fred. Lub. Splitgerberi. Religuae botanicae Surinamenses. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslagen en Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 1, 314-355 [In Dutch].
| Google Scholar |

de Wildeman É (1904) Études de systématique et de géographie botaniques sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. In ‘Annales de Musée du Congo, Botanique - serie V’, fasc. 2, pp. 80–212. (Par ordre du Secrétaire d’États: Bruxelles, Belgium) [In French]

de Wildeman É (1911) Decades novarm specierum florae Congolensis. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État a Bruxelles 3, 253-280 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

de Wildeman É (1915) Decades novarm specierum florae Congolensis III. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État a Bruxelles 5, 1-108 [In Latin].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Wildeman É, Durand T (1901) ‘Illustrations de la flore du Congo. Vol. 1’. Annales du Museé du Congo (Belge). Botanique, Ser. 1. (Impr. C. vande Weghe: Bruxelles, Belgium) [In French]

Dempsey JM (1975) ‘Fiber crops.’ (University Presses of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA)

Desfontaines RL (1804) ‘Tableau de l'École de Botanique du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle.’ (J.A. Brosson: Paris, France) [In French] 10.5962/bhl.title.13828

Desvaux NA (1827) Prodrome de la famille des fougères. Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6, 171-337 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Dhami KK (2023) Ecological status of three Angiosperms (Alysicarpus bupleurifolius var. hybridus DC, Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis and Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var lushii) in Punjab (India). International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology 7, 130-133.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Domin K (1928) Beiträge zur flora und pflanzengeographie Australiens. I. Teil, 3. Abt. Embryophyta siphonogama, pars II. Dicotyledonae. Bibliotheca Botanica 22(89), 1-763.
| Google Scholar |

Don G (1830) Class XVI. Order 8. Monadelphia. Polyandria. In ‘Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue of all the plants indigenous, cultivated in, or introduced to Britain’, Edn 1. (Ed. JC Loudon) pp. 286–293. (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green: London, UK) 10.5962/bhl.title.10320

Don G (1831) ‘A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders … the whole arranged according to the natural system. Vol. 1.’ (J.G. & F. Rivington: London, UK) Available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/390287#page/510/mode/1up

Drury H (1858) ‘Useful plants of India: with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts.’ (Asylum Press: Madras, British India)

Duke JA, duCellier JL (1993) ‘CRC handbook of alternative cash crops.’ (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)

Dumont A (1889) Recherches sur l’anatomie comparée des Malvacées, Bombacées, Tiliacées, Sterculiacées. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Sér. 7 6, 129-246 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Durand T, de Wildeman É (1899) Matériaux pour la flore deu Congo. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 38(2), 9-76 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Durand T, Durand H (1909) ‘Sylloge florae Congolanae [Phanerogamae].’ (Maison Albert de Boeck: Bruxelles) [In French]

Dwyer JD (1955) The botanical catalogues of Auguste De St. Hilaire. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 42(2), 153-170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ecklon CF, Zeyher CLP (1835) ‘Enumeratio plantarum Africae australis extratropicae: quae collectae, determinatae et expositae.’ (Sumtibus auctorum: Hamburgi [Hamburg, German Confederation]) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.48

Edmonds JM (1991) ‘The distribution of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria in tropical East Africa. Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools. Vol. 6.’ (‎International Plant Genetics Research Institute: Rome, Italy)

Edwards S (1822) Hibiscus digitatus. Cavanilles’s Hibiscus. The Botanical Register 8, t. 608.
| Google Scholar |

Edwards S, Ridgeway J (1819) Hibiscus diversifolius. Various-leaved Hibiscus. The Botanical Register 5, t. 381.
| Google Scholar |

Edwards S, Tadesse M, Hedberg I (Eds) (1995) ‘Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol. 2. Part 2’. pp. 1–456. (The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; and The Department of Systematic Botany: Uppsala, Sweden)

El-Hadidi MN, Hosni HA, El-Hadidy AMH, Araffa S (1999) Malvaceae in the flora of Egypt. 1. Systematic revision of the indigenous taxa. Taeckholmia 19, 127-146.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Eriksson JS, Bacon CD, Bennett DJ, Pfeil BE, Oxelman B, Antonelli A (2021) Gene count from target sequence capture places three whole genome duplication events in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae). BMC Ecology and Evolution 21, 107.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Exell AW (1936) Notes on the flora of Angola–III. Journal of Botany 74, 132-140.
| Google Scholar |

Exell AW (1944) ‘Catalogue of the vascular plants of S. Tomé (with Principe and Annobon).’ (British Museum: London, UK)

Exell AW (1951) Hibiscus. In ‘Conspectus Florae Angolensis. Vol. 1. Part 2’. (LW Carrisso) pp. 177–180, 374–376. (Ministerio do Ultramar: Lisbon, Portugal)

Exell AW (1959) New and little known species from the Flora Zambesiaca area. IX. Hibisci novi. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Ser. 2 33, 165-181.
| Google Scholar |

Exell AW (1961) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 1. Part 2’. (Eds AW Exell, H Wild) pp. 420–511. (Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations: London, UK)

Exell AW, Gonçalves ML (1979) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora de Moçambique, Vol. 25’. (Ed. EJ Mendes) pp. 1–127. (Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar: Lisbon, Portugal) [In Portuguese]

Exell AW, Mendonça FA (1937) Hibiscus. In ‘Conspectus Florae Angolensis. Vol. 1. Part 1’. (Ed. LW Carrisso) pp. 158–176. (Ministerio do Ultramar: Lisbon, Portual)

Eyles F (1916) A record of plants collected in southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5, 273-523.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fawcett W, Rendle AB (1926) ‘Flora of Jamaica. Containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island. Vol. V. Dicotyledons. Families Buxaceae to Umbelliferae.’ (British Museum (Natural History): London, UK)

Fayaz A (2011) ‘Encyclopedia of tropical plants. Identification and cultivation of over 3000 species.’ (Firefly Books: Buffalo, NY, USA)

Fernandes Júnior AJ, Cruz APO (2018) Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Malvaceae/Flora of the canga of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil: Malvaceae. Rodriguésia 69(3), 1237-1254.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fernández A (1974) Recuentos cromosómicos en Malváceas. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 15, 403-410 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Fernández A, Krapovickas A, Lavia G, Seijo G (2003) Cromosomas de Malváceas. Bonplandia 12, 141-145 [In Spanish with abstract and keywords in English and Spanish].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Figueiredo E (2008) Herbaria with collections from Angola. In ‘Plants of Angola/Plantas de Angola’. (Eds E Figueiredo, GF Smith) Strelitzia 22, 11–12. (National Botanical Institute: Pretoria, South Africa)

Fitzgerald WV (1918) The botany of the Kimberleys, north-west Australia. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia 3, 102-224.
| Google Scholar |

Florence J (2004) ‘Flore de la Polynésie française. Vol. 2.’ (IRD Éditions: Paris, France) [In Frence]

Forsskål P, Niebuhr C (1775) ‘Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica: sive descriptiones plantarum.’ (Mölleri: Hauniæ [Copenhagen, Denmark]) [In Latin]

Fosberg FR, Sachet M-H (1966) Plants of Southeastern Polynesia. 1. Micronesica 2, 153-159.
| Google Scholar |

Friedman F (1994) ‘Flore des Seychelles. Dicotylédones.’ (Éditions de l’Orstom: Paris, France) [In French]

Fries RE (1908) Studien über die amerikanische Columniferenflora. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, new ser 42(12), 1-67 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Fries RE (1947) Zur Kenntnis der Süd- und Zentralamerkanischen Malvaceenflora. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 24(2), 1-37 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (1973) New species and other notes in the Malvaceae. Brittonia 25, 77-85.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (1988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic Botany Monographs 25, 1-522.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (1989) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. 5’. (Ed. RA Howard) pp. 199–263. (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: Jamaica Plain, MA, USA)

Fryxell PA (1990) The Malvaceae published by Turczaninow. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 17, 173-182.
| Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (1992a) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Ecuador. Vol. 44’. (Eds G Harling, L Anderson) pp. 1–142. (University of Götenborg and Riksmuseum: Stockholm, Sweden; and Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador)

Fryxell PA (1992b) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora de Veracruz’. Fasc. 68. (Ed. V Sosa) pp. 1–255. (Instituto de Ecología: Veracruz, México)

Fryxell PA (1993) ‘Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes. Fasc. 16. Malvaceae.’ (Instituto de Ecología: Veracruz, México)

Fryxell PA (1996) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of St John, US Virgin Islands’. (Ed. P Acevedo-Rodriguez) Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 78, 297–310. (New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, NY, USA)

Fryxell PA (1997) The American genera of Malvaceae – II. Brittonia 49(2), 204-269.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (2000) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 3(2)’. (Eds G Davidse, MS Sousa, AO Chater, CJ Humphries) pp. 1–162. (Missouri Botanical Garden: Saint Louis, MO, USA; Instituto de Biologia of the National Autonomous University of Mexico: Mexico City, Mexico; and Natural History Museum: London, UK) [Pre-print version]

Fryxell PA (2001a) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 6. Liliaceae–Myrsinaceae’. (Eds PE Berry, K Yatskievych, BK Holst) pp. 186–218. (Missouri Botanical Garden Press: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Fryxell PA (2001b) (1492) Proposal to conserve the name Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 50, 929-931.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (2001c) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 2’. (Eds WD Stevens, C Ulloa Ulloa, A Pool, OM Montiel) pp. 1293–1322. (Missouri Botanical Garden Press: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Fryxell PA (2001d) Talipariti (Malvaceae), a segregate from Hibiscus. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 23, 225-270.
| Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA (2007) Malvaceae. In ‘Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen IV. Dicotiledoneas (Haloragaceae–Phytolaccaceae). Vol 111’. Monographs in Systematic Botany from The Missouri Botanical Garden. (Eds BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C Herrera, N Zamora) pp. 313–373. (Missouri Botanical Garden Press: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Fryxell PA, Krapovickas A (2004) Six new species of Bolivian Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Novon 14, 58-69.
| Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA, Stelly DM (1993) Documented chromosome numbers 1993: 2. Additional chromosome counts in the Malvaceae. Sida 15, 639-647.
| Google Scholar |

Fryxell PA, Wilson FD (1986) Clarification of the status of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) uncinellus (Malvaceae). Brittonia 38, 107-110.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fuertes J (1992) Estudios botánicos en la Guayana Colombiana. I. Una nueva especie de Hibiscus sección Furcaria (Malvaceae). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 50, 65-72 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Fuertes J, Fryxell PA (1993) Nomenclatural notes on some Malvaceae species described by Cavanilles. Taxon 42, 661-664.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gamble JS (1915) ‘Flora of the presidency of Madras. Vol. 1. Part 1.’ (West Newman & Adlard: London, UK)

Garcia JG (1946) Revisão do herbário de Moçambique do Instituto Botânico da Universidade de Coimbra. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Ser. 2 20, 33-42 [In Portuguese].
| Google Scholar |

García-Robledo C, Kattan G, Murcia C, Quintero-Marín P (2004) Beetle pollination and fruit predation of Xanthosoma daguense (Araceae) in an Andean cloud forest in Colombia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, 459-469.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1849a) Kritische bemerkungen zu der familie der Malvaceen nebst beschreibung neuer arten aus derselben. Botanische Zeitung 7(49), 817-825 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1849b) Kritische bemerkungen zu der familie der Malvaceen nebst beschreibung neuer arten aus derselben. Botanische Zeitung 7(49), 833-841 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1849c) Kritische bemerkungen zu der familie der Malvaceen nebst beschreibung neuer arten aus derselben. Botanische Zeitung 7(49), 849-855 Available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33805723#page/449/mode/1up [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1874) Einige worte über die Gattung Hibiscus. Linnaea 38, 673-698 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1880) Aufzählung der abyssinischen Malvaceen aus der letzten im Jahre 1869 eingesandten Sehimper’schen Sammlung. Linnaea 43, 49-58 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Garcke A (1881) Malvaceae. In Hoffman O. Plantae Mechowianae. Plantas a cl. de Mechowio adiutore cl. Thenschio in Angola collectas determinat. Linnaea 43, 119-134 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Gardner CA (1923) Botanical notes. Kimberley Division of Western Australia. Forests Department Bulletin 32, 1-106.
| Google Scholar |

Gardner RO (1985) Six plants in New Zealand whose nativity has been doubted. Auckland Botanical Society 40, 41-44.
| Google Scholar |

Gardner RO (2011) ‘Trees and shrubs of Niue: an identification guide to the island’s indigenous and naturalised woody plants’. (R.O. Gardner: Auckland, New Zealand)

Gaudichaud C (1827) ‘Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roi. Exécuté sur les corvettes de S.M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Botanique du Voyage de l’Uranie.’ (Chez Pillet: Paris, France) [In French]

Germishuizen G, Meyer NL (Eds) (2003) ‘Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist.’ Strelitzia 14. (National Botanical Institute: Pretoria, South Africa)

Ghazanfar SA (2003) ‘Flora of the Sultanate of Oman. Vol. 1.’ (National Botanic Garden: Meise, Belgium)

Gibson JM (1975) ‘Wild flowers of Natal (Coastal region).’ (Natal Publishing Trust: Natal, South Africa)

Gillett JB (1962) Roger dedit’: Plants from Senegal in the Gay Herbarium at Kew. Kew Bulletin 15(3), 431-435.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Go S, Koo H, Jung M, Hong S, Yi G, Kim Y-M (2024) Pan-chloroplast genomes for accession-specific marker development in Hibiscus syriacus. Scientific Data 11, 246.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Goetz SG (1980) Genome relationships in Hibiscus greenwayi and pollen in Hibiscus section Furcaria. MSc thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.

Goforth CE, Fuller MJ (1994) ‘A summary of kenaf production and product development research 1989–1993’. Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experimental Station Bulletin 1011. (Mississippi State University: Mississippi State, MS, USA)

Gonçalves ML (1961) Revisão das Malvaceae, Bombacaceae e Sterculiaceae de Moçambique, existentes nas herpárias COI, LISC, LM, LMJ e LMM. Estudos de Botânica: Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 2ª série 41, 57-154 [In Portuguese].
| Google Scholar |

Gosline G, Bidault E, van der Burgt X, Cahen D, Challen G, Condé N, Couch C, Couvreur TLP, Dagallier L-PL, Darbyshire I, Dawson S, Doré TS, Goyder D, Grall A, Haba P, Haba P, Harris D, Hind DJN, Jongkind C, Konomou G, Larridon I, Lewis G, Ley A, Lock M, Lucas E, Magassouba S, Mayo S, Molmou D, Monro A, Onana JM, Paiva J, Paton A, Phillips S, Prance G, Quintanar A, Rokni S, Shah T, Schrire B, Schuiteman A, Simões ARG, Sosef M, Stévart T, Stone RD, Utteridge T, Wilkin P, Xanthos M, Nic Lughadha EN, Cheek M (2023) A taxonomically verified and vouchered checklist of the vascular plants of the Republic of Guinea. Scientific Data 10, 327.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gottsberger G (1972) Blütenbiologische Beobachtungen an brasilianischen Malvaceen. II. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 120(4/5), 439-509 [In German].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Graham R (1830a) Description of several new or rare plants which have lately flowered in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, and chiefly in the Royal Botanic Garden. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 9, 366-371.
| Google Scholar |

Graham R (1830b) Hibiscus splendens. Splendid Hibiscus. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 57, t. 3025.
| Google Scholar |

Gray A (1854) ‘United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. vol. XV. Botany. Phanerogamia by Asa Gray with a Folia Atlas of 100 Plates. Part 1.’ (Lea and Blanchard: Philadelphia, PA, USA)

Green PS (1994) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Australia. Vol. 49’. Oceanic Islands 1. (Ed. AJG Wilson) pp. 109–119. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Griffith W (1854) ‘Notulae ad plantas Asiaticas. Part IV. Dicotyledonous plants.’ (C.A. Serrao: Calcutta, British India)

Grisebach AHR (1864) ‘Flora of the British West Indian Islands.’ (L. Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Guillaumin A (1948) Compendium de la flore phanérogamique des Nouvelles Hébrides. Annales de l’Institut Botanico-Geologique de Marseille 6(5–6), 1-56.
| Google Scholar |

Guillemin JBA, Perrottet GS, Richard A (1831) ‘Florae Senegambiae tentamen, seu, Historia plantarum in diversis Senegambiae regionibus a peregrinatoribus Perrottet et Leprieur detectarum.’ (Treuttel et Wurtz: Parisiis [Paris, France]) [In French] 10.5962/bhl.title.595

Guindon S, Dufayard J-F, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59, 307-321.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gürke RLAM (1892) Hibiscus. In ‘Flora Brasiliensis. Vol. 12. Part 3’. (Ed. van Martius CFP) pp. 541–571. (Fleischer)

Haines HH (1914) Decades Kewenses. LXXVI. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1914(1), 24-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hanes MM (2015) Malvaceae Juss. In ‘Flora of North America North of Mexico (Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae). Vol. 6’. (Eds Flora of North America Editorial Committee) pp. 187–315. (Oxford University Press)

Hanes MM, Mashburn B, Callmander MW (2022) Transfer of the endemic Malagasy species of Kosteletzkya to Hibiscus and Perrierophytum (Malvaceae). Candollea 77, 161-171.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hanes MM, Blanchard OJ, Jr, Valencia-D J, McLay TBG, Abbott JR, McDaniel SF, Barrett RL, Mathews S, Neubig KM (2024) Phylogenetic relationships within tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) reveal complex patterns of polyphyly in Hibiscus and Pavonia. Systematic Botany 49(1), 77-116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harvey WH (1860) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora Capensis: being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal (and neighbouring territories). Volume I. Ranunculaceae to Conneraceae’. (Eds WH Harvey, OW Sonder) pp. 157–177. (L. Reeve: Kent, UK)

Harvey WH (1862) Addenda et corrigenda to the first volume. In ‘Flora Capensis: being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal (and neighbouring territories). Vol. II. Leguminosae to Loranthaceae’. (Eds WH Harvey, OW Sonder) pp. 583–592. (L. Reeve: Kent, UK)

Hasskarl JC (1866) Neuer schlüssel zu Rumph’s Herbarium Amboinense. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 9, 143-366 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Hassler E (1909) Ex herbario Hassleriano: Novitates paraguarienses. III. Malvaceae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7, 376-383 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hauman L (1961) Quelques Malvacées nouvelles du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État a Bruxelles 31(1), 85-90 [In French].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hauman L (1963) Malvaceae. In ‘Flore du Congo et du Ruanda-Urundi: Spermatophytes. Vol. 10’. (Éd. R Boutique) pp. 92–190. (Institut national pour l’étude agronomique du Congo belge: Brussels, Belgium) [In French] 10.5281/zenodo.4415812

Heath A, Heath R (2009) ‘Field guide to the plants of Northern Botswana including the Okavango Delta.’ (Kew Publishing: Richmond, UK)

Hendy J (2019) Challenging old ideas: how supplemental effects student confidence and learning and adding a key piece to understanding the origin of an important crop, kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. and understanding how supplemental videos effect student confidence and learning. MSc thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TE, USA. Available at https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6987&context=utk_gradthes

Hepper FN, Friis I (1994) ‘The plants of Pehr Forsskal’s ‘Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica’ collected on the Royal Danish Expedition to Egypt and the Yemen 1761–63.’ (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK; in association with the Botanical Museum: Copenhagen, Denmark)

Herbst DR, Wagner WL (1999) Contributions to the flora of Hawai’i: VII. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 58, 12-36.
| Google Scholar |

Herman PPJ, Retief E (1997) ‘Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: keys and diagnostic characters.’ Strelitzia 6. (National Botanical Institute: Pretoria, South Africa)

Hiern WP (1896) ‘Catalogue of the African plants collected by Dr. Friederich Welwitsch in 1853–61. Part 1. Dicotyledons.’ (British Museum (Natural History): London, UK)

Hillier JM (1907) Miscellaneous notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1907, 325-338.
| Google Scholar |

Ho P-H (1991) ‘Cậycỏ Việtnam. An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Quyển 1. Tập 2. Hoa-cánh-roi tù Tiliaceae dên Fabaceae.’ (Mekong Printing: Montréal, QC, Canada) [In Vietnamese and English]

Hochreutiner BPG (1900) Revision du genre Hibiscus. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 4, 23-191 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1901) Malvaceae Chevalieranae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 5, 120-126 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1902) Malvaceae novae vel minus cognitae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 6, 10-59 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1906) Malvaceae et Bombacaceae novae vel minus cognitae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 10, 15-25 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1908) Malvaceae et Sterculiaceae novae vel minus cognitae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 11, 1-9 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1917a) Malvacées de Madagascar de l’Herbier Perrier de la Bathie. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 20, 69-102 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1917b) Notulae in Malvaceas. Interjectis descriptionibus specierum et varietatum novarum praesertim ex herbario Delessertiano. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 20, 107-172 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1924) Genres nouveaux et discutes de la famille des Malvacees. Candollea 2, 79 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Hochreutiner BPG (1955) Malvacées (Malvaceae). In ‘Flore de Madagascar et des Comores (Plantes Vasculares)’. (Ed. H Humbert) pp. 8–83. (Gouvernement Général de Madagascar: Paris, France) [In Latin]

Holland JH (1918) Miscellaneous notes: XXIV – Hibiscus cannabinus in Nigeria. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Kew) 1918, 214-215.
| Google Scholar |

Holser RA, Bost G (2004) Hybrid hibiscus seed oil compositions. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 81, 795-797.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Holser RA, Willett JL (2005) Yield strengths of hybrid Hibiscus canes. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21, 985-986.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hooker JD (1872) ‘The flora of British India. Vol. 1.’ (L. Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Hooker WJ (1859) Hibiscus radiatus. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, ser. 3 15, t. 5098 Available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14225#page/28/mode/1up.
| Google Scholar |

Hooker JD, Bentham G (1849) Flora Nigritiana. In ‘Niger flora: or, An enumeration of the plants of western tropical Africa’. (Ed. WJ Hooker) pp. 201–577. (H. Bailliere: London, UK)

Hornby AJW (1946) A new species of Hibiscus from Portuguese East Africa. Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association. Bulawayo 41, 55-56.
| Google Scholar |

Hoskins WM (2016) Using phylogenetics to understand the evolutionary relationships of Hibiscus section Furcaria. MSc thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TE, USA. Available at https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5092&context=utk_gradthes

Howard A, Howard G (1911) Studies in Indian fibre plants 2. On some new varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Botanical Series 4, 1-36.
| Google Scholar |

Hu SY (1955) ‘Flora of China. Family 153. Malvaceae.’ (Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: Boston, MA, USA)

Huber C (1871) ‘Catalogue général pour l’automne 1871 & le printemps 1872.’ (Huber & Co.: Hyeres, France) [In French]

Hussey BJM, Keighery GJ, Cousens RD, Dodd J, Lloyd SG (2007) ‘Western Weeds. A guide to the weeds of Western Australia’, 2nd edn. (The Weeds Society of Western Australia: Perth, WA, Australia)

Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM (1928) ‘Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 1. Part 2’, 1st edn. (Crown Agents for the Colonies: London, UK)

Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM (1931) ‘Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 1. Part 2’, 2nd edn. (Crown Agents for the Colonies: London, UK)

Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Coates Palgrave M (2024) Flora of Malawi: Genus page: Hibiscus. Available at https://www.malawiflora.com/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=942 [Verified 3 April 2024]

Ikabanga DU, Bidault E, Paradis A-H, Texier N, Stévart T (2020) Hibiscus ngokbanakii. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020’. e.T172512028A174180595. (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Gland, Switzerland) Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172512028/174180595 [Verified 19 August 2024]

Jabeur I, Pereira E, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Soković M, Oliveira M, Ferreira I (2017) Hibiscus sabdariffa L. as a source of nutrients, bioactive compounds and colouring agents. Food Research International 100, 717-723.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Janakiram T, Patil MS (2017) Breeding in Hibiscus: a review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87, 159-166.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jarvis C (2007) ‘Order out of chaos: Linnaean plant names and their types.’ (The Linnean Society of London: London, UK)

Jørgensen PM, Fryxell PA (1999) Malvaceae. In ‘Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador/Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Ecuador. Vol. 75’. (Eds PM Jørgensen, S León-Yánez) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 548–554. (Missouri Botanical Garden Press: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Juhari NH, Bredie WLP, Toldam-Andersen TB, Petersen MA (2018) Characterization of roselle calyx from different geographical origins. Food Research International 112, 378-389.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kachecheba JL (1972) The cytotaxonomy of some species of Hibiscus. Kew Bulletin 27, 425-433.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kak A, Agarwal S, Pandey C, Gupta V (2015) Responses to seed dormancy breaking treatments in wild Hibiscus species. Vegetos – An International Journal of Plant Research 28, 143-147.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14, 587-589.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kapepula PM, Kabamba Ngombe N, Tshisekedi Tshibangu P, Tsumbu C, Franck T, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Mumba D, Tshala-Katumbay D, Serteyn D, Tits M, Angenot L, Kalenda PDT, Frédérich M (2017) Comparison of metabolic profiles and bioactivities of the leaves of three edible Congolese Hibiscus species. Natural Product Research 31, 2885-2892.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Karim FM, Fawzi NM (2007) ‘Flora of the United Arab Emirates. Vol. 1.’ (United Arab Emirates University: Al Ain, UAE)

Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, 772-780.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kearney TH (1951) The American genera of Malvaceae. American Midland Naturalist 46, 93-131.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kearney TH (1955) A tentative key to the North American species of Hibiscus L. Leaflets of Western Botany 7, 274-284.
| Google Scholar |

Kearney TH (1957) A tentative key to the South American species of Hibiscus L. Leaflets of Western Botany 8, 161-168.
| Google Scholar |

Keay RWJ (1958) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 1. Part 2’, 2nd edn. (Eds J Hutchinson, JM Dalziel, RWJ Keay, N Hepper) pp. 335–350. (Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations: London, UK)

Keir M (2018a) Hibiscus brackenridgei. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018’. e.T62743A78757481. (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Gland, Switzerland) Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62743/78757481

Keir M (2018b) Hibiscus brackenridgei subsp. molokaiana. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018’. e.T80091009A8009104. (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Gland, Switzerland) Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/80091009/80091047

Kenneally KF, Edinger DC, Willing T (1996) ‘Broome and Beyond. Plants and people of the Dampier Peninsula.’ (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Como, WA, Australia)

Kepler AK (1988) ‘Hawaiian heritage plants’, revised edn. (University of Hawai’i Press: Honolulu, HI, USA)

Kirejtshuk AG, Lawrence JF (1999) Notes on the Aethina complex (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae), with a review of Aethina (Cleidorura) subgen. nov. and Aethina (Idaethina) Gemminger et Harold. Annales Zoologii 49, 233-254.
| Google Scholar |

Knapp S, Barboza GE, Romero MV, Vignoli-Silva M, Giacomin LL, Stehmann JR (2015) Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo’s Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64(4), 822-836.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Knight K, Thiele K, Parker C, James S (2024) ‘Western Australian Herbarium integrated pest management plan.’ (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions: Kensington, WA, Australia)

Koo H, Shin A-Y, Hong S, Kim Y-M (2023) The complete chloroplast genome of Hibiscus syriacus using long-read sequencing: Comparative analysis to examine the evolution of the tribe Hibisceae. Frontiers in Plant Science 14, 1111968.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Koopman MM, Baum DA (2008) Phylogeny and biogeography of tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) on Madagascar. Systematic Botany 33, 364-374.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kosteletzky JF (1836) ‘Allgemeine medizinisch-pharmazeutische Flora. Vol. 5.’ (Borrosch and André: Prague, Czechia) [In German]

Krapovickas A (2006) Dos especies nuevas de Hibiscus secc. Furcaria (Malvaceae) de Minas Gerais (Brasil). Bonplandia 15(1–2), 47-51 [In Spanish].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krapovickas A (2008) Nuevas especies de Malvaceae. Bonplandia 17(1), 35-45 [In Spanish with summary and keywords in English and Spanish].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krapovickas A (2013) Hibiscus paulae Krapov. (secc. Furcaria), nueva especie de Malvaceae de Minas Gerais (Brasil). Bonplandia 22(2), 137-139 [In Spanish].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krapovickas A, Fryxell PA (2004) Las especies sudamericanas de Hibiscus secc. Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae – Hibisceae). Bonplandia 13(1–4), 35-115 [In Spanish].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krapovickas A, Marticorena A (2008) Malvaceae. In ‘Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). Vol. 3. Dicotyledoneae: Fabaceae (Senna–Zygia)–Zygophyllaceae’. (Eds FO Zuloaga, O Morrone, MJ Belgrano) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Volume 107, 2463–2520. (Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St Louis, MO, USA) [In Spanish]

Kuntze G (1891a) Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Malvaceen. Botanisches Centralblatt 45, 229-234 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Kuntze O (1891b) ‘Revisio genera plantarum.’ Pars I. pp. 1−374. (Charles Klincksieck: Paris, France) [In Latin]

Kurz WS (1874) Contributions towards a knowledge of the Burmese flora.—Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural History 43, 39-141.
| Google Scholar |

Kwon SH, Jang YL, Kwon HY (2022) Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Hibiscus trionum Linnaeus 1753 (Malvaceae). Mitochondrial DNA – B. Resources 7, 1902-1903.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kwon S-H, Kwon H-Y, Choi Y-I, Shin H (2023) Comprehensive analysis of chloroplast genome of Hibiscus sinosyriacus: evolutionary studies in related species and genera. Forests 14(11), 2221.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kwon S-H, Kwon H-Y, Shin H (2024) Genetic insights into the extremely dwarf Hibiscus syriacus var. micranthus: complete chloroplast genome analysis and development of a novel dCAPS Marker. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, 2757-2771.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lambdon P (2012) ‘Flowering plants and ferns of St Helena’. pp. 1–624. (Pisces Publications for St Helena Nature Conservation Group: Melboune, Vic., Australia)

Landrein S, Song S-J, Zhang J, Guo Y-J, Shen J-Y, Jiang Q-Y, Low SL (2024) Thepparatia vines (Hibisceae subtribe Trionum) phylogenomics and evolution. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 205, 391-402.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lauener LA, Paul H (1985) The type specimens of Robert Graham. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 42, 567-593.
| Google Scholar |

Lautenschläger T, Monizi M, Pedro M, Mandombe JL, Bránquima MF, Heinze C, Neinhuis C (2018) First large-scale ethnobotanical survey in the province of Uíge, northern Angola. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 14, 51.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lavia G, Fernández A (2004) Números cromosómicos en Hibiscus secc. Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae-Hibisceae). Bonplandia 13, 129-130 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lawton BP (2004) ‘Hibiscus: hardy and tropical plants for the garden.’ (Timber Press, Inc.: Portland, OR, USA)

Lebrun J-P (1976) Un curieux Hibiscus d’Éthiopie méridionale. Adansonia 15, 379-380 [In French].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lebrun J-P, Stork AL (1991) ‘Enumération des plantes à fleurs d’Afrique tropicale et Tropical African. Vol. 1: Généralités et Annonaceae à Pandaceae.’ (Conservatoire Botanique de Genève: Genève) [In French]

Lee C-T, Hsieh S-I, Leou C-S, Lin H-Y, Yeh C-L (2014) A newly naturalized species in Taiwan: Hibiscus asper Hook. f. (Malvaceae). Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity 16, 273-281.
| Google Scholar |

Leistner OA (2005) ‘Seed plants of southern tropical Africa’. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report Number 26. (SABONET: Pretoria, South Africa)

Leistner OA (2008) Malvaceae. In ‘Plants of Angola/Plantas de Angola’. (Eds E Figueiredo, GF Smith) Strelitzia 22, 114–116. (National Botanical Institute: Pretoria, South Africa)

Lejoly J, Geerinck D (2010) Flore de la Tshopo (RD Congo): Familles des Malvaceae, Orchidaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae. Taxonomania 29, 1-41 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Lejoly J, Ndjele M-B, Geerinck D (2010) Catalogue-Flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30, 1-308 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

León H, Alain H (1957) ‘Flora de Cuba. Vol. 3’. Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10. (P. Fernández and Cía: La Habana) [In Spanish]

Levin GA, Moran R (1989) The vascular flora of Isla Socorro, Mexico. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 16, 1-71.
| Google Scholar |

Lima JB, Conceição AS (2016) Malvoideae Burnett (Malvaceae) in the Environmental Protection Area Serra Branca, Raso da Catarina, Jeremoabo, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 16(4), e20160187.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lindley J (1825) Hibiscus unidens. One-toothed Hibiscus. The Botanical Register 11, t. 878.
| Google Scholar |

Linnaeus C (1737) ‘Hortus Cliffortianus: plantas exhibens quas in hortis tam vivis quam siccis, Hartecampi in, coluit … Georgius Clifford.’ (Amstelaedami) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.690

Linnaeus C (1753) ‘Species Plantarum.’ (Impensis Laurentii Salvii: Stockholm) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.37656

Linnaeus C (1759) ‘Systema Naturae. Vol. 2’, Decima edn. (Impensis Laurentii Salvii: Stockholm) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.542

Liogier AH (1981) ‘La Flora de la Española/Flora of Hispaniola: Part 1. Celastrales, Rhamnales, Malvales, Thymeleales, Violales’. Phytologia Memoirs 3. Antillean Studies 1. (H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke: Plainfield, NJ, USA) [In Spanish]

Lisowski S (2009) Flore de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41, 1-517 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Liu HY, Wang CM, Tseng YH (2013) Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of Forest Research 35, 15-22.
| Google Scholar |

Loddiges G (1832) Hibiscus splendens. The Botanical Cabinet 19, t. 1835.
| Google Scholar |

Lopes Esteves G, Duarte MC, Takeuchi C (2014) Sinopse de Hibiscus L. (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) do estado de São Paulo, Brasil: espécies nativas e cultivadas ornamentais. Hoehnea 41, 529-539 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Macbride JF (1956) ‘Flora of Peru’. Botanical Series Volume XIII, Part IIIA, Number 2. Field Museum of Natural History Publication 808. (Field Museum of Natural History: Chicago, IL, USA)

Macphail MK, Hope GS, Anderson A (2001) Polynesian plant introductions in the Southwest Pacific: initial pollen evidence from Norfolk Island. In ‘The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific’. (Eds A Anderson, P White) Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 27, pp. 123–134. (Australian Museum: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Magdalita PM, San Pascual AO (2022) Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis): importance and classification. In ‘Floriculture and ornamental plants’. (Eds SK Datta, YC Gupta) Handbooks of crop diversity: Conservation and use of plant genetic resources. pp. 483–522. (Springer Nature: Singapore) 10.1007/978-981-15-3518-5_18

Manning J, Goldblatt P (2012) ‘Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region. 1: The Core Cape Flora.’ Strelitzia 29. (South African National Biodiversity Institute: Pretoria, South Africa)

Mao AA, Dash SS (2020) ‘Flowering plants of India: an annotated checklist (Dicotyledons). Vol. 1’. pp. 1–970. (Botanical Survey of India: Kolkata, India)

Maquet PM (1983) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora du Rwanda: Spermatophytes. Vol. 2’. (Ed. G Troupin) pp. 1–603. (Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale: Tervuren, Belgium) [In French]

Marais W, Friedmann F (1987). Malvacées. In ‘Flore des Mascareignes: La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. 51. Malvacées à 62. Oxalidacées’. (Eds J Bosser, T Cadet, J Guého, W Marais) pp. 1–57. (IRD Editions: Paris, France; MSIRI: Port Louis, Mauritius; RBG Kew: Richmond, UK) [In French]

Martin DW, Menzel MY (1971) Identification of the “Gondwanaland” genome found in South American tetraploids of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 58, 465 [Abstract].
| Google Scholar |

Martin DW, Menzel MY (1972) Identity of the genome shared by African and new species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. Journal of Heredity 63, 235-240.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mashburn B (2024) Island hopping in the tropics: conservation genetics, speciation, and biogeography in the iconic flowering plant group Hibiscus sect. Lilibiscus. PhD dissertation, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA. 10.7936/df5z-rc89

Masters MT (1868) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of tropical Africa. Vol. 1. Ranunculaceae to Connaraceae’. (Ed. D Oliver) pp. 175–214. (L. Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Masters MT (1874) Malvaceae. In ‘The Flora of British India. Vol. 1(1)’. (Ed. JD Hooker) pp. 317–353. (L. Reeve: London, UK)

Mattei GE (1908) Contribuzioni alla flora della Somalia italiana. Bollettino del Reale Orto Botanico Giardino Colon. Palermo 7, 85-112 [In Italian].
| Google Scholar |

Mattei GE (1916) Malvaceae. In ‘Resultati scientifici della missione Stephani-Paoli nella Somalia Italiana. Vol. 1. Le Collezioni Botaniche’. (Ed. E Chiovenda) pp. 27–33. (Galletti E. Cocci: Firenze, Italy) [In Italian]

Matthew KM (1983) ‘Flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. Vol. 3.’ (Rapinat Herbarium: Tiruchirapalli, India)

McLay TBG (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Mendonça FA, Torre AR (1950) Malvaceae. In ‘Estudos, ensaios e documentos. I: Contribuicoes para O conhecimento da flora de Mocambique’. (Ed. FA Mendonça) pp. 11–18. (Junta de Investigaçoes Colonias: Lisbon, Portugal) [In Portuguese]

Menzel MY (1963) Cytotaxonomy of twelve species of Hibiscus section Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 50, 262-271.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY (1986) Genetic relationships among the relatives of Hibiscus cannabinus and H. sabdariffa: Sources of new germplasm for kenaf and roselle. In ‘New genetical approaches to crop improvement’. (Eds KA Siddiqui, AM Faruqui) pp.445–456. (P.I.D.C. Printing Press: Karachi, India)

Menzel MY, Hancock JF (1984) Cytotaxonomy of the octoploid and decaploid species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria (Malvaceae). Nucleus 27, 48-63.
| Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Martin DW (1970) Genome affinities of four African diploid species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. Journal of Heredity 61, 179-184.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Martin DW (1971) Chromosome homology in some intercontinental hybrids in Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 58, 191-202.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Martin DW (1974) Cytotaxonomy of some Australian species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. Australian Journal of Botany 22, 141-156.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Martin DW (1980) Evidence for the presence of an intercontinental genome in the Australian hexaploid alliance of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. Australian Journal of Botany 28, 369-383.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Wilson FD (1961) Chromosomes and crossing behavior of Hibiscus cannabinus, H. acetosella and H. radiatus. American Journal of Botany 48, 651-657.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Wilson FD (1963) Cytotaxonomy of twelve species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 50, 262-271.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Wilson FD (1966) Hybrids and genome relations of Hibiscus sabdariffa, H. meeusei, H. radiatus, and H. acetosella. American Journal of Botany 53, 270-275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Wilson FD (1969) Genetic relationships in Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. Brittonia 21, 91-125.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Fryxell PA, Wilson FD (1983a) Relationships among new world Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae). Brittonia 35(3), 204-221.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Goetz SG, Adamson WC (1983b) Some pieces of the African genome puzzle in Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 70, 285-297.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Menzel MY, Richmond KL, Contilini CS, Huang P (1986) New intergenomic hybrids among some African diploid species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria. American Journal of Botany 73, 304-309.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Merrill ED (1908) New Philippine plants from the collections of Mary Strong Clemens, 1. The Philippine Journal of Science Ser. C, Botany 3, 129-165.
| Google Scholar |

Merxmüller H (1969) ‘Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika. 82. Malvaceae.’ (J. Cramer: Lehre, Federal Republic of Germany)

Mesaglio T, Sauquet H, Coleman D, Wenk E, Cornwell WK (2023) Photographs as an essential biodiversity resource: drivers of gaps in the vascular plant photographic record. The New Phytologist 238, 1685-1694.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Meyer GFW (1818) ‘Primitiae florae essequeboensis adjectis descriptionibus centum circiter stirpium novarum, observationibusque criticis.’ (H. Dieterich: Gottingae [Göttingen, German Confederation]) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.49397

Meyer J-Y (2011) Rapa, îles Australes. Guide de la flore indigène et endémique. (Direction de l’Environment, Délégation à la Recherche: Papeete, Tahiti) Available at https://www.service-public.pf/diren/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2019/01/Rapa.pdf [In French]

Michaux A (1803) ‘Flora boreali-americana, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit Andreas Michaux.’ (Levrault: Parisiis et Argentorati, France) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.5088

Miller, P (1768) ‘The gardeners dictionary’, 8th edn. (Printed for the author: London, UK) 10.5962/bhl.title.541

Milne-Redhead EWBH (1935) Tropical African plants: XIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1935, 271-285.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, von Haeseler A, Lanfear R (2020) IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, 1530-1534.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mitchell AS (1981) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Central Australia’. (Ed. JP Jessop) pp. 207–218. (Australian Systematic Botany Society and A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Mitchell AS (1982) Economic aspects of the Malvaceae in Australia. Economic Botany 36, 313-322.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mitchell AS, Norris EH (2000) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of New South Wales. Vol. 1’, Revised Edn. (Ed. GJ Harden) pp. 320–340. (New South Wales University Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Molinari EP, Fabris HA (1954) Los Hibiscus cultivados en lb República Argentina. Revista de Investigaciones Agrícolas 8, 289-310 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Mueller FJH (1859) ‘Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 1. (Issue 10).’ (Melbourne Printers: Melbourne, Vic., Australia) [In Latin]

Mueller FJH (1861) ‘Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 2. (Issue 15).’ (Melbourne Printers: Melbourne, Vic., Australia) [In Latin]

Mueller FJH (1868) ‘Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 6. (Issue 46).’ (Melbourne Printers: Melbourne, Vic., Australia) [In Latin]

Mueller FJH (1874) ‘Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 8. (Issue 70).’ (Melbourne Printers: Melbourne, Vic., Australia) [In Latin]

Mullenders W (1954) La végétation de Kaniama (Entre-Lubishi-Lubilash, Congo belge). Publications de l’Institut National pour l'Étude Agronomique du Congo Belge, Sér. Scientifique 61, 1-499 [In French].
| Google Scholar |

Murdock GP (1959) ‘Africa, its peoples and their culture history.’ (McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA)

Mwachala G (2009) Hibiscus. In ‘Flora of Tropical East Africa. Malvaceae’. (Eds B Verdcourt, G Mwachala) pp. 31–75. (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK)

Naqshi AR, Dar GH, Javeid GN, Kachroo P (1988) Malvaceae of Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75(4), 1499-1524.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Neal MC (1965) Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication 50, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI, USA.

Nee MH (2008) ‘Flora de la Región del Parque Nacional Amboró Bolivia. Vol. 3: Dilleniidae.’ (Editorial FAN: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia) [In Spanish]

Newnham RM, Lowe DJ (1991) Holocene vegetation and volcanic activity, Auckland Isthmus, New Zealand. Journal of Quaternary Science 6, 177-193.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ngwe TM (1971) The Burmese Malvales. Union of Burma Journal of Life Sciences 4, 196-208.
| Google Scholar |

Ochse JJ, Bakhuizen van den Brink RC (1977) ‘Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies.’ (A.A. Asher: Amserdam, Netherlands)

Oliver WRB (1916) The vegetation and flora of Lord Howe Island. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 49, 94-161.
| Google Scholar |

Orisakwe OE, Husaini DC, Afonne OJ (2004) Testicular effects of sub-chronic administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract in rats. Reproductive Toxicology 18, 295-298.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Panigrahi G, Murti SK (1989) ‘Flora of Bilaspur district, Madhya Pradesh. Vol. 1. (Ranunculaceae to Convolvulaceae)’. Flora of India Series 3. (Botanical Survey of India: Calcutta, India)

Paraiso CM, Januario JGB, Mizuta AG, dos Santos SS, Magon TFD, Ogawa CYL, Silva JVD, Sato F, Visentainer J V, Mikcha JMG, Madrona GS (2021) Comparative studies on chemical stability, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from hot and cold hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces tea infusions. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 15, 3531-3538.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Parker RN (1956) ‘A forest flora for the Punjab with Hazara and Delhi’. Edn 3. (Government Printing: Lahore, India)

Parsa A (1951) ‘Flore de l’Iran. Vol. 1.’ (Ministère de l'éducation, Museum d’histoire Naturelle: Tehran, Iran) [In French]

Paul TK (1993) Hibiscus. In ‘Flora of India. Vol. 3’. (Eds BD Sharma, M Sanjappa) pp. 1–341. (Botanical Survey of India: Kolkata, India)

Paul TK, Nayar MP (1980) The status of Hibiscus furcatus Roxburgh. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 22, 194-195.
| Google Scholar |

Paul TK, Nayar MP (1985) A new species of Hibiscus Linn. (Malvaceae) from Punjab, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 25, 188-189 [Volume year 1983].
| Google Scholar |

Paul TK, Nayar MP (1988) Malvaceae. In ‘Fascicles of Flora of India. Vol. 19’. (Eds MP Nayar, K Thothathri, M Sanjappa) pp. 64–233. (Botanical Survey of India: Howrah, Calcutta, India)

Pennington TD, Reynel C, Daza A (2004) ‘Illustrated guide to the trees of Peru.’ (David Hunt: London, UK)

Perry RC, Jones DE, Bhangoo MS (1993) A preliminary study on kenaf as a feed for livestock. In ‘Proceedings 1993 International Kenaf Conference’, 3–5 March 1993, Fresno, CA, USA. (Ed. MS Bhangoo) (International Kenaf Association: Ladonia, TX, USA)

Peyre de Fabregues B, Lebrun J-P (1976) ‘Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger.’ (Institut d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux: Maisons Alfort, France) [In French]

Pezen Özdogan F, Nilufer O, Ergun F (2011) Studies on the conformity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. samples from Turkish market to European Pharmacopeia. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 36, 25-32.
| Google Scholar |

Pfeil BE, Crisp MD (2005) What to do with Hibiscus? A proposed nomenclatural resolution for a large and well known genus of Malvaceae and comments on paraphyly. Australian Systematic Botany 18, 49-60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pfeil BE, Brubaker CL, Craven LA, Crisp MD (2002) Phylogeny of Hibiscus and the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequences of ndhF and the rpl16 intron. Systematic Botany 27, 333-350.
| Google Scholar |

Pfeil BE, Brubaker CL, Craven LA, Crisp MD (2004) Paralogy and orthology in the Malvaceae rpb2 gene family: investigation of gene duplication in Hibiscus. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21, 1428-1437.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Philcox D (1997) Malvaceae. In ‘A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Vol. XI’. (Ed. MD Dassanayake) pp. 287–360. (A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Netherlands)

Phuphathanaphong L, Siriruk P, Nuvongsri G (1989) The genus Hibiscus in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 18, 43-79.
| Google Scholar |

Pires de Lima A (1921) Subsídios para o estudo da flora de Moçambique. Espermáfitas do-litoral-norte. Brotéria. Série Botânica;. Revista de Sciencias Naturaes do Collegio de S. Fiel. Lisbon 19, 107-143 [In Portuguese].
| Google Scholar |

Pool A, Brako L, Krapovickas A, Chanco M (1993) Malvaceae. In ‘Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru/Catalogo de las angiospermas y gimnospermas del Peru. Vol. 45’. (Eds L Brako, JL Zarucchi) Monograph in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 643–664. (Missouri Botanical Garden: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Popova GM (1928) A contribution to the morphology and biology of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Bulletin of Applied Botany 19, 493-496.
| Google Scholar |

Pradeep AK, Sivarajan VV (1991) Hibiscus hispidissimus, the correct name for H. furcatus DC. non Willd. and H. aculeatus Roxb. non Walter (Malvaceae). Taxon 40, 634-637.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Prain D (1903) ‘Bengal plants: a list of the phanerogams, ferns and fern-allies indigenous to, or commonly cultivated in, the Lower provinces and Chittagong, with definitions of the natural orders and genera, and keys to the genera and species. Vol. 1.’ (Botanical Survey of India: Calcutta, British India)

Presl CB (1835) ‘Reliquiae Haenkeanae, seu, descriptiones et icones plantarum: quas in America meridionali et boreali, in insulis Philippinis et Marianis collegit Thaddaeus Haenke. Vol. 2.’ (J.G. Calve: Pragae [Czechia]) [In Latin]

Proctor GR (1982) More additions to the flora of Jamaica. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 63(3), 199-315.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Qi Y, Chin KL, Malekian F, Berhane M, Gager J (2005) Biological characteristics, nutritional and medicinal value of roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa. Urban Forestry, Natural Resources and Environment Circular 604, 1-2.
| Google Scholar |

Rakshit SC, Kundu BC (1961) New species and varieties of Hibiscus. Science & Culture 27, 192-194.
| Google Scholar |

Rakshit SC, Kundu BC (1970) Revision of the Indian species of Hibiscus. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 12, 151-175.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Reichenbach HGL (1832) ‘Flora germanica excursoria ex affinitate regni vegetabilis naturali disposita, sive principia synopseos plantarum in Germania terrisque in Europa media adjacentibus sponte nascentium cultarumque frequentius. Vol. 2. Part 2.’ (Carolum Cnobloch: Lipsiae [Leipzig, German Confederation]) [In Latin]

Rendle AB (1899) ‘Catalogue of the African plants collected by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853–61. Vol. 2, Part 1.’ (British Museum (Natural History): London, UK)

Riedl I (1976) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora Iranica. Vol. 120’. (Eds KH Rechinger) pp. 1–86. (Akademische Drucku. Verlag-sanstalt: Graz, Austria)

Richard A (1845) Plantes Vasculaires. In ‘Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. Botanique. Vol. 10(2)’. (Ed. R de la Sagra) pp. 115–168. (A. Bertrand: Paris, France) [Publication year on the cover page 1841; in French] 10.5962/bhl.title.51128

Richard A (1847) ‘Tentamen florae Abyssinicae: seu, Enumeratio plantarum hucusque in plerisque Abyssiniae provinciis detectarum et praecipue a beatis doctoribus Richard Quartin Dillon et Antonio Petit (annis 1838–1843) lectarum. Vol. 4.’ (Arthus Bertrand: Parisiis [Paris, France]) [In French]

Rigueiral LHG, Gonçalez VM, Duarte MC (2019) Espécies nativas de Hibiscus (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) da Região Sudeste do Brasil/Native species of Hibiscus (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from Southeast Brazil. Rodriguésia 70, e03102017 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Robertson SA (1989) ‘Flowering plants of Seychelles (An annotated check list, of angiosperms and gymnosperms, with line drawings).’ (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK)

Robyns W (1947) Choripétales nouvelles de la région du Parc National Albert (Congo Belge). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l'État a Bruxelles 18(3/4), 261-292 [In French].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rodrigues Costa MT, Bovini MG, Alves LL, de Castro GC, Sobral M (2023) Malvaceae from Serra do Lenheiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rodriguésia 74, e01682021 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rodríguez Vázquez PO, Flores FF (2020) Los tipos del herbario “Atkins” del jardín botánico de Cienfuegos, Cuba./Types of the herbarium “Atkins” of the botanical garden of Cienfuegos, Cuba. Centro Agrícola 47(3), 14-22 [In Spanish].
| Google Scholar |

Roe MJ (1961) A taxonomic study of the indigenous Hawaiian species of the genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Pacific Science 15, 3-32.
| Google Scholar |

Rondon JB (2009) The subfamily Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) in the western of the Sucre state, Venezuela. UDO Agrícola 9(3), 599-621.
| Google Scholar |

Ross EM (1986) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 2’. (Eds TD Stanley, EM Ross) pp. 65–66. (Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Roxburgh W (1814) ‘Hortus bengalensis.’ (Mission Press: Serampore, British India)

Roxburgh W (1832) ‘Flora Indica’, 3rd edn. (Thacker: Calcutta, British India; Parburry & Allen: London, UK)

Ruan C-J (2010) Review and advances in style curvature for the Malvaceae. Journal of Plant Developmental Biology 4, 98-111.
| Google Scholar |

Ruan C-J, Teixeira da Silva JA, Qin P (2010) Style curvature and its adaptive significance in the Malvaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 288(1/2), 13-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Saldanha CJ (1985) ‘Flora of Karnataka. Vol. 1. Magnoliaceae to Fabaceae.’ (A.A.Balkema: Rotterdam, Netherlands)

Saldanha CJ, Nicolson DH (1976) ‘Flora of Hassan District Karnataka, India.’ (Amerind: New Delhi, India)

Salisbury RA (1796) ‘Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium.’ (The Author: London, UK) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.427

Satya P (2012) Prezygotic interspecific hybridization barriers between kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and four wild relatives. Plant Breeding 131(5), 648-655.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Satya P, Karan M, Sarkar D, Sinha MK, Mahapatra BS (2012) Morphological and molecular characterization of interspecific hybrids of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and false roselle (H. acetosella Welw. ex Hiern). Indian Journal of Genetics 72(2), 234-240.
| Google Scholar |

Satya P, Karan M, Kar CS, Mahapatra AK, Mahapatra BS (2013a) Assessment of molecular diversity and evolutionary relationship of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), roselle (H. sabdariffa L.) and their wild relatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 299(3), 619-629.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Satya P, Karan M, Kar CS, Mitra J, Sarkar D, Karmakar PG, Sinha MK, Mahapatra BS (2013b) Development and molecular characterization of interspecific hybrid of Hibiscus cannabinus and H. radiatus. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 12, 343-349.
| Google Scholar |

Satya P, Karan M, Chakraborty K, Biswas C, Karmakar PG (2014) Comparative analysis of diversification and population structure of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and roselle (H. sabdariffa L.) using SSR and RGA (resistance gene analogue) markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution 300, 1209-1218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sayers TDJ, Johnson KL, Steinbauer MJ, Farnier K, Miller RE (2021) Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium (Araceae) species. Annals of Botany 128, 261-280.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Scarth-Johnson V (1968) Some Queensland Hibiscus. Australian Plants 4, 244-245.
| Google Scholar |

Schumacher HCF (1827) ‘Beskrivelse af Guineiske planter: som ere fundne af Danske botanikere, især af etatsraad Thonning.’ (F. Popp: Kjöbenhavn, Denmark) [In Danish] 10.5962/bhl.title.51454

Sedillo-Torres IY, Hernández-Rangel ÁO, Gómez-Y-Gómez Y, Cortés-Avalos D, García-Pérez BE, Villalobos-Rocha JC, Hernández-Rodríguez CH, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Estrada-de los Santos P, Vargas-Díaz ME, Ibarra JA (2022) Hibiscus acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. inhibits flagellar motility and cell invasion in Salmonella enterica. Molecules 27(3), 655.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Seeman B (1865) ‘Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji Islands with an account of their history, uses, and properties. Part 1.’ (L. Reeve: London, UK)

Sessé y Lacasta M, Mociño JM (1894) ‘Flora Mexicana, Editio secunda.’ (Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento: México) [In Spanish] 10.5962/bhl.title.376

Siepe T, Ventrella D, Lapenta E (1997) Evaluation of genetic variability in a collection of Hibiscus cannabinus (L.) and Hibiscus spp (L.). Industrial Crops and Products 6(3–4), 343-352.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simon LD, Ogunwolu EO, Okoroafor E, Ekoja EE (2021) Diversity, relative abundance and temporal spread of insects associated with roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) at Makurdi, Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Research 43, 1-15.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sita P, Moutsambote J-M (2005) ‘Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005’. pp. 1–158. (ORSTOM: Centre de Brazzaville, Republic of The Congo) [In French]

Sivarajan VV, Pradeep AK (1996) ‘Malvaceae of southern Peninsular India: taxonomic monograph.’ (Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India)

Skovsted A (1944) Some hybridization experiments in the tribe Hibisceae. Comptes-rendus Des Travaux du Carlsberg Laboratoriet; Série Physiologique 24, 1-30.
| Google Scholar |

Sloane H (1707) ‘A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica: with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands. Vol. I.’ (Printed by B.M. for the author: London, Great Britain)

Small JK (1933) ‘Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.’ (published by the author: New York, NY, USA) 10.5962/bhl.title.696

Smith JD (1903) ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Guatemalensium: necron Salvadorensium, Hondurensium, Nicaraguensium, Costaricensium. Vol. 6.’ (H.N. Patterson: Oquawkae, IL, USA) [In Latin] 10.5962/bhl.title.827

Smith AC (1981) ‘Flora vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. Vol. 1.’ (Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden: Lawai, Kauai, HI, USA)

Sosef MSM, Wieringa JJ, Jongkind CCH, Achoundong G, Azizet Issembk Y, Bedigian D, van den Berg RG, Breteler FJ, Cheek M, Degreef J, Faden RB, Goldblatt P, van der Maesen LJG, Ngok Banak L, Niangadouma R, Nzabi T, Nziengui B, Rogers ZS, Stkvart T, van Valkenburg JLCH, Walters G, de Wilde JJFE (2006) Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon/Checklist of Gabonese vascular plants. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35, 1-438.
| Google Scholar |

Spencer R (1997) ‘Horticultural flora of South-eastern Australia. Vol. 2. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Part 1. The identification of garden and cultivated plants.’ (University of New South Wales Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Sprague TA (1913) Miscellaneous Notes LXI – Hibiscus asper. Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1913, 418-419.
| Google Scholar |

Sprengel A (1828) ‘Tentamen supplementi ad Systematis vegetabilium Linnaeani editionem decimam sextam.’ (Librariae Dieterichianae: Gottingae, Germany) [In Latin]

Stahl A (1884) ‘Estudios para la flora de Puerto Rico. Folletos 2.’ (González & Co.: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico) [In Spanish]

Standley PC (1923) Hibiscus. In ‘Trees and shrubs of Mexico’. Contributions of the United States National Herbarium 23, 777-782.
| Google Scholar |

Standley PC (1928) Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contributions of the United States National Herbarium 27, 1-416.
| Google Scholar |

Standley PC, Steyermark JA (1949) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Guatemala. Part VI’. (Eds PC Standley, JA Steyermark). Fieldiana, Botany 24(6), 324–386.

Staples GW, Herbst DR (2005) ‘A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places.’ (Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA)

Stewart RR (1972) Malvaceae. In ‘An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir’. (Eds E Nasir, SI Ali) pp. 475–484. (Fakhri Press: Karachi, Pakistan)

Sykes WR (1988) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 4. Naturalized pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons’. (Eds CJ Webb, WR Sykes, PJ Garnock-Jones) pp. 820–836. (Botany Division, DSIR: Christchurch, New Zealand)

Sykes WR (2016) ‘Flora of the Cook Islands’. pp. 1–973. (National Tropical Botanical Garden: Kalaheo, Kaua‘i, HI, USA)

Tackholm V (1974) ‘Students’ flora of Egypt’, edn 2. (Cairo University Publishing: Beirut, Lebanon)

Tang Y, Gilbert MG, Dorr LJ (2007) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of China. Vol. 12 (Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae)’. (Eds ZY Wu, PH Raven, DY Hong) pp. 264–298. (Science Press: Beijing; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: Saint Louis, MO, USA)

Taylor CS (1992) Kenaf: annual fiber crop products generate a growing response from industry. In ‘New crops, new uses, new markets: 1992 yearbook of agriculture’. pp. 92–98. (US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA)

Thulin M (1999a) A new species of Hibiscus (Malvaceae) from Somalia. Nordic Journal of Botany 19, 337-339.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thulin M (1999b) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Somalia. Vol. 2’. (Ed. M Thulin) pp. 1–303. (The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK)

Townsend CC (1980) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Iraq. Vol. 4. Cornaceae to Resedaceae’. (Eds CC Townsend, E Guest, SA Omar) pp. 230–274. (Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform: Baghdad, Iraq)

Triana Silva JJ, Planchon J-E (1862) ‘Prodromus florae Novo-Granatensis. Vol. 1.’ (V. Masson: Paris, France) [In Latin]

Trimen H (1893) ‘A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon: containing descriptions of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to the island, and notes on their history, distribution, and uses: with an atlas of plates illustrating some of the more interesting species. Part 1. Ranunculaceæ–Anacardiaceæ.’ (Dulau & Co.: London, UK) 10.5962/bhl.title.10864

Tsai PJ, McIntosh J, Pearce P, Camden B, Jordan BR (2002) Anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract. Food Research International 35(4), 351-356.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Turczaninow NS (1858) Animadversiones in secundam partem herbarii Turczaninowiani, nunc Universitatis Caesareae Charkowiensis. Bulletin de la Société Impériale Des naturalistes de Moscou 31, 185-250 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (2018) ‘International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)’, adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, July 2017, Shenzhen, PR China. Regnum Vegetabile 159. (Koeltz Botanical Books: Glashütten, Germany) 10.12705/Code.2018

Uittien H (1932) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora Suriname. Vol. III, Part 1. Dialypetalae’. (Ed. A Pulle) pp. 1–25. (J.H. de Bussy: Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Ulbrich E (1919) Einige neue Hibiscus-Arten aus dem tropischen Afrika. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 7, 179-183 [In Latin with title in German].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ulbrich E (1921) Hibiscus L., Malvaceae. In ‘Die Planzenwelt Afrikas, insbesondere seiner tropischen Gebiete: Grundzge der Pflanzenverbreitung im Afrika und die Charakterpflanzen Afrikas.’ Vegetation der Erde 9. Part 3(2) ’. (Ed. E Engler) pp. 368–408. (W.Engelmann: Leipzig, German Republic) [In German]

Ulbrich E (1922) Species et sectiones africanae novae generis Hibiscus L. Notizblatt des Königl. Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 8(72), 157-171 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Ulbrich E (1924) Malvaceae. In Fries RE, Fries TCE. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt Aberdare und Mt Elgon. IV. Notizblatt des Königl. Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 8(80), 661-704 Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118178 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

Unzueta O, Tosi JA Jr, Holdridge LR (1975) ‘Mapa ecológico de Bolivia y Memoria explicativa.’ (Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios: La Paz, Bolivia) [In Spanish]

Urban I (1929) Plantae haitienses et domingenses novae vel rariores VII. a cl. E.L. Ekman 1924–1928 lectae. Arkiv för Botanik 22A(17), 1-115 [In Latin].
| Google Scholar |

Urban I, Helwig B (1928) Malvaceae novae et minus cognitae Cubenses atque Domingenses. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 24, 231-238 [In Latin].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

van der Burg WJ (2013) Malvaceae. In ‘Flore du Gabon. Vol. 45: Clusiaceae, Malvaceae’. (Eds MSM Sosef, J Florence, L Ngok Banak, HP Bourobou) pp. 45–88. (Margraf Backhuys: Weikersheim, Leiden, Netherlands)

van Leeuwen JF, Froyd CA, van der Knaap WO, Coffey EE, Tye A, Willis KJ (2008) Fossil pollen as a guide to conservation in the Galápagos. Science 322(5905), 1206.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

van Wyk B-E, Wink M (2004) ‘Medicinal plants of the world. An illustrated scientific guide to important medicinal plants and their uses.’ (Times Editions: Singapore)

Vellozo JMC (1827) ‘Florae fluminensis, seu, Descriptionum plantarum praefectura Fluminensi sponte mascentium liber primus ad systema sexuale concinnatus.’ (Ex Typographia Nationali: Flumine Januario, Brazil) [Publication year on cover page 1825; in Latin]

Vellozo JMC (1831) ‘Petro nomine ac imperio primo Brasiliensis imperii perpetuo defensore jubente Florae fluminensis icones, nunc primo eduntur. Vol. 7.’ (Ex off. lithogr. Senefelder, curante J. Knecht: Parisiis [Paris, France]) [Publication year on cover page 1827; in Latin]

Ventenat ÉP, Redouté PJ, Smith JD (1804) ‘Jardin de la Malmaison’. Tome 2. (De l’imprimerie de Crapelet: Paris, France) [In Latin]

Villaseñor JL (2016) Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87, 559-902.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Vollesen K (1995) Malvaceae. In ‘Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol. 2. Part 2’. (Eds S Edwards, M Tadesse, I Hedberg) pp. 190–256. (The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University: Uppsala, Sweden)

von Cufodontis G (1948) Uber sicht der Africkanischen Hibiscus-Arlen aus der sektion Bomabycella. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 56, 24-59 [In German].
| Google Scholar |

von Cufodontis G (1959) Supplement: Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Sequentia). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État a Bruxelles 29(1), 533-584 [In Latin].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

von Jacquin NJ (1789) ‘Collectanea ad botanicam, chemiam, et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum figuris. Vol. 2.’ (C.F. Wappler: Vindobonae [Vienna, Austria]) [In Latin]

von Jacquin NJ (1795) ‘Icones plantarum rariorum. Vol. 3, part 3’. t. 551. (C.F. Wappler: Vindobonae [Vienna, Austria]) [In Latin]

Wahabi HA, Alansary LA, Al-Sabban AH, Glasziuo P (2010) The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the treatment of hypertension: A systematic review. Phytomedicine 17, 83-86.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Wallich N (1831) ‘Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honl. East India Company.’ (Lithographed from the ms.: London, UK) [Publication years on cover page 1828–1849] 10.5962/bhl.title.1917

Wallich N (1830) ‘Plantae Asiaticae rariores: or, descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants.’ (Treuttel and Würtz: London, UK)

Walpers WG (1842) ‘Repertorium Botanices Systematicae’. Tomus 1. (Friderici Hofmeister: Lipsiae [Leipzig, German Confederation]) [In Latin]

Walter T (1788) ‘Flora Caroliniana.’ (J. Fraser: London, Great Britain)

Wang DY, Nagata M, Matsumoto M, Amen Y, Wang DM, Shimizu K (2022a) Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and hibiscus acid to reverse skin aging. Molecules 27(18), 6076.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wang ZQ, Yang H, Zhang FJ, Yin YL, Gu CS (2022b) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Hibiscus coccineus. Mitochondrial DNA – B. Resources 7, 217-218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wannan BS (2022) Hibiscus graniticus Wannan (Malvaceae), a new species from north-east Queensland. Austrobaileya 12, 19-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wannan BS (2024) Hibiscus cummingii Wannan (Malvaceae), a new species from north-east Queensland. Austrobaileya 14, 27-35.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Webb CJ, Sykes WR, Garnock-Jones PJ (1988) ‘Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV.’ (Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: Christchurch, New Zealand)

Werber FX (1993) Kenaf product and process research in ARS. In ‘Proceedings 1993 International Kenaf Conference’, 3–5 March 1993, Fresno, CA, USA. (Ed. MS Bhangoo) (International Kenaf Association: Ladonia, TX, USA)

Wester PJ (1911) Contributions to the history and bibliography of the roselle. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 38, 91-98.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wester PJ (1914) New varieties of roselle. Philippine Agricultural Review 7, 266-269.
| Google Scholar |

Wheeler JR (1992) Hibiscus. In ‘Flora of the Kimberley Region’. (Ed. JR Wheeler) pp. 213–223. (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Como, WA, Australia)

Whistler WA (1992) ‘Flowers of the Pacific Island seashore: a guide to the littoral plants of Hawai’i, Tahiti, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Fiji, and Micronesia.’ (Isle Botanica; Distributed by University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, HI, USA)

Whitmore TC (1979) Malvaceae. In ‘An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 2’. (Eds H Hara, LHJ Williams) p. 73. (Trustees of British Museum (Natural History): London, UK)

Wiersema JH, León B (2013) ‘World economic plants: a standard reference’, 2nd edn. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)

Wight R (1839) ‘Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis: or figures of Indian plants. Vol. 1.’ (J.B. Pharoah for the Author: Madras, British India) 10.5962/bhl.title.92

Wight R, Arnott GAW (1834) ‘Prodromus florae peninsulae Indiae orientalis.’ (Parburry & Allen: London, UK) [In Latin]

Wijnands DO (1983) ‘The botany of the Commelins.’ (Botanic Gardens and Department of Plant Taxonomy, Agricultural University: Wageningen, Netherlands)

Willdenow CL (1800) ‘Caroli a Linné Species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1.’ (G.C. Nauk: Berlin, Holy Roman Empire) [In Latin]

Willdenow CL (1809) ‘Enumeratio plantarum horti regii botanici berolinensis.’ (Realschule: Berlin, Holy Roman Empire) [In Latin]

Williams RO, Cheeseman EE (1929) Malvales. In ‘Flora of Trinidad and Tobago. Vol. 1. Part 2’. (Eds RO Williams, EE Cheeseman) pp. 72–112. (Government Printing Office: Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago)

Wilson FD (1967) An evaluation of Kenaf, Roselle and related Hibiscus for fiber production. Economic Botany 21(2), 132-139.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1974) Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 22, 157-182.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1978) Wild kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae) and related species in Kenya and Tanzania. Economic Botany 32(2), 199-204.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1983) The taxonomic status of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) berberidifolius A. Rich. Brittonia 35, 175-179.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1993) Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in islands of the Pacific Basin. Brittonia 45, 275-285.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1994) The genome biogeography of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 41, 13-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1995) Two new species of Hibiscus section Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae) from Queensland. Austrobaileya 4(3), 439-447.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (1999) Revision of Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Africa and Asia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Botany) 29(1), 47-79.
| Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (2006) A distributional and cytological survey of the presently recognized taxa of Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae). Bonplandia 15, 53-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Wilson FD, Byrnes N (1970) Two new species of Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) from Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 95, 194-197.
| Google Scholar |

Wilson FD, Craven LA (1995) Two new species of Hibiscus section Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae) from northern Queensland. Austrobaileya 4, 439-447.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson FD, Lally TL (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Wilson FD, McLay TBG (2022) Hibiscus (Section Furcaria). In ‘Flora of Australia’. (Eds TBG McLay, PG Kodela) (Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hibiscus [Verified 19 April 2024]

Wilson FD, Menzel MY (1964) Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and roselle (H. sabdariffa L.). Economic Botany 18(1), 80-91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wood JRI (1997) ‘A handbook of the Yemen flora.’ (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, UK)

Wood KR, Oppenheimer H, Keir M (2019) A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa from the Hawaiian Islands that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. Technical report. (National Tropical Botanical Garden: Honolulu, HI, USA) Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332933164

Xu XR, Zhou SD, Shi XQ (2019) The complete chloroplast genome of Hibiscus taiwanensis (Malvaceae). Mitochondrial DNA – B. Resources 4, 2533-2534.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Yamazaki Y, Kajita T, Takayama K (2023) Spatiotemporal process of long-distance seed dispersal in a pantropically distributed sea hibiscus group. Molecular Ecology 32, 1726-1738.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Yuncker TG (1943) The flora of Niue Island. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Botany 178, 1-126.
| Google Scholar |

Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang X, Ma X, Zhang L, Liao Z, Zhang Q, Wan X, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Li D, Zhang L, Xu J, Tao A, Lin L, Fang P, Chen S, Qi R, Xu X, Qi J, Ming R (2020) The genome of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) provides insights into bast fibre and leaf shape biogenesis. Plant Biotechnology Journal 18(8), 1796-1809.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Zheoat AM, Gray AI, Igoli JO, Ferro VA, Drummond RM (2019) Hibiscus acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae) has a vasorelaxant effect on the rat aorta. Fitoterapia 134, 5-13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |