Recruiting participants via social media for sexual and reproductive health research
Jacqueline Coombe








A
B
Abstract
Recruiting participants is a vital component of social research. Finding the right people (and the right number of them) at the right time to participate in your study can make or break its success; it can also challenge research budgets and requires considerable flexibility. Online recruitment strategies are becoming increasingly popular ways to recruit to both qualitative and quantitative studies. In this paper, we detail our experiences of using social media, primarily Meta platforms Facebook and Instagram, to recruit participants for our sexual and reproductive health research. Here, we provide a practical guide to using social media to recruit participants, and include examples throughout from our own research. We outline our triumphs and pitfalls in using this recruitment strategy, the challenges we have faced and the lessons we have learnt. In doing so, we hope to provide useful guidance for others wishing to use social media to recruit to their research studies.
Keywords: Australia, internet, methodological issues, online survey, participant recruitment, public health, qualitative interviews, sexual health research.
References
2 Australian Communications and Media Authority. Communications and media in Australia: how we communicate. Commonwealth of Australia; 2023. Available at https://www.acma.gov.au/publications/2023-12/report/communications-and-media-australia-how-we-communicate
3 Sanchez C, Grzenda A, Varias A, Widge AS, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, et al. Social media recruitment for mental health research: a systematic review. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 103: 152197.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
4 Whitaker C, Stevelink S, Fear N. The use of facebook in recruiting participants for health research purposes: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19(8): e290.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
5 Harfield S, Elliott S, Ramsey L, Housen T, Ward J. Using social networking sites to recruit participants: methods of an online survey of sexual health, knowledge and behaviour of young South Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45(4): 348-54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
6 Gunasekaran B, Jayasinghe Y, Fenner Y, Moore EE, Wark JD, Fletcher A, et al. Knowledge of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer among young women recruited using a social networking site. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89(4): 327-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
7 Coombe J, Kong F, Bittleston H, Williams H, Tomnay J, Vaisey A, et al. Contraceptive use and pregnancy plans among women of reproductive age during the first Australian COVID-19 lockdown: findings from an online survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2021; 26(4): 265-71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
8 Coombe J, Kong FYS, Bittleston H, Williams H, Tomnay J, Vaisey A, et al. Love during lockdown: findings from an online survey examining the impact of COVID-19 on the sexual health of people living in Australia. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 97(5): 357-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
9 Bittleston H, Goller JL, Temple-Smith M, Hocking JS, Coombe J. Telehealth for sexual and reproductive health issues: a qualitative study of experiences of accessing care during COVID-19. Sex Health 2022; 19(5): 473-78.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
10 Bourchier L, Bittleston H, Hocking J, Coombe J. Changes to pubic hair removal practices during COVID-19 restrictions and impact on sexual intimacy. Cult Health Sex 2023; 25(4): 505-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
11 Coombe J, Bittleston H, Hocking JS. Access to period products during the first nation-wide lockdown in Australia: results from an online survey. Women Health 2022; 62(4): 287-92.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
12 Goller JL, Bittleston H, Kong FYS, Bourchier L, Williams H, Malta S, et al. Sexual behaviour during COVID-19: a repeated cross-sectional survey in Victoria, Australia. Sex Health 2022; 19(2): 92-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
13 Fang W, Coombe J, Hocking JS, Bittleston H. Are COVID-19 lockdowns associated with a change in sexual desire? Results from an online survey of Australian women. Women Health 2023; 63(7): 531-38.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
14 Stewart LL, Vodstrcil LA, Coombe J, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS. Bacterial vaginosis after menopause: factors associated and women’s experiences: a cross-sectional study of Australian postmenopausal women. Sex Health 2024; 21: SH23094.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
15 Eddy S, Douglass C, Raggatt M, Thomas A, Lim M. Trends in testing of sexually transmissible infections (STIs), sexual health knowledge and behaviours, and pornography use in cross-sectional samples of young people in Victoria, Australia, 2015–21. Sex Health 2023; 20(2): 164-72.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
16 Munari SC, Goller JL, Coombe J, Orozco A, Eddy S, Hocking J, et al. Young people’s preferences and motivations for STI partner notification: observational findings from the 2024 sex, drugs and rock ‘n’ roll survey. Sex Health 2025; 22: SH24184.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
17 Ramsay C, Hennegan J, Douglass CH, Eddy S, Head A, Lim MSC. Reusable period products: use and perceptions among young people in Victoria, Australia. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23(1): 102.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
18 Lim MSC, Kirsten R, Davis AC, Wright CJC. ‘Censorship is cancer’. Young people’s support for pornography-related initiatives. Sex Educ 2021; 21(6): 660-73.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
19 Douglass CH, Qin C, Martin F, Xiao Y, El-Hayek C, Lim MSC. Comparing sexual behaviours and knowledge between domestic students and Chinese international students in Australia: findings from two cross-sectional studies. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31(8): 781-90.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
20 Davis AC, Temple-Smith MJ, Carrotte E, Hellard ME, Lim MSC. A descriptive analysis of young women’s pornography use: a tale of exploration and harm. Sex Health 2020; 17(1): 69-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
21 Bourchier L, Temple-Smith M, Hocking J, Bittleston H, Malta S. Engaging older Australians in sexual health research: SHAPE2 survey recruitment and sample. Sex Health 2024; 21(1): SH23116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
22 Bourchier L, Temple-Smith M, Hocking JS, Malta S. Older patients want to talk about sexual health in Australian primary care. Aust J Prim Health 2024; 30(4): PY24016.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
23 Bittleston H, Goller JL, Temple-Smith M, Coombe J, Hocking JS. How much do young australians know about syphilis compared with chlamydia and gonorrhea? Findings from an online survey. Sex Transm Dis 2023; 50(9): 575-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
24 Bittleston H, Hocking JS, Coombe J, Temple-Smith M, Goller JL. Young Australians’ receptiveness to discussing sexual health with a general practitioner. Aust J Prim Health 2023; 29(6): 587-95.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
25 Bittleston H, Hocking JS, Temple-Smith M, Sanci L, Goller JL, Coombe J. What sexual and reproductive health issues do young people want to discuss with a doctor, and why haven’t they done so? Findings from an online survey. Sex Reprod Healthc 2024; 40: 100966.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
26 Ludwick T, Walsh O, Cardwell ET, Chang S, Kong FYS, Hocking JS. Moving toward online-based sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment services for young people: who will use it and what do they want? Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51(3): 220-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
27 Walsh O, Cardwell ET, Hocking JS, Kong FYS, Ludwick T. Where would young people using an online STI testing service want to be treated? A survey of young Australians. Sex Health 2024; 21: SH24087.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
28 Cardwell ET, Walsh O, Chang S, Coombe J, Fairley CK, Hocking JS, et al. Preferences for online or in-person STI testing vary by where a person lives and their cultural background: a survey of young Australians. Sex Transm Infect 2025; 101(3): 168-73.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
29 Cardwell ET, Ludwick T, Chang S, Walsh O, Lim M, Podbury R, et al. Engaging end users to inform the design and social marketing strategy for a web-based sexually transmitted infection/blood-borne virus (STI/BBV) testing service for young people in Victoria, Australia: qualitative study. J Med Internet Res 2025; 27: e63822.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
31 Orozco A, Thomas A, Raggatt M, Scott N, Eddy S, Douglass C, et al. Coping with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on young Australians’ anxiety and depression symptoms from 2020–2021. Arch Public Health 2024; 82(1): 166.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
32 Witkovic YD, Kim HC, Bright DJ, Tan JY. Recruiting black men who have sex with men (MSM) couples via dating apps: pilot study on challenges and successes. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6(4): e31901.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |