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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Barriers and facilitators to engagement with the PrEP care continuum among sexual minority men in China: a systematic review

Chenglin Hong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-388X A B # * , Liying Wang C # , Yilin Wang D , Yuqing Wang E , Lingxiao Chen F , Frank Y. Wong C G , Jane M. Simoni H , Ian W. Holloway I and Steven A. John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-3920 J
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA.

B Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

C College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.

D Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

E Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

F Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

G Center for Population Sciences and Health Equity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.

H Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

I School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

J Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

* Correspondence to: chenglin.hong@uconn.edu

# These authors contributed equally to this work as co-first authors and have the right to list their name first on their CV

Handling Editor: Chunyan Li

Sexual Health 22, SH25021 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH25021
Submitted: 29 January 2025  Accepted: 19 July 2025  Published: 19 August 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Sexual minority men (SMM) in China are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic, yet utilization of HIV prevention services, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), remains low. This systematic review summarizes the barriers and facilitators to the PrEP care continuum among Chinese SMM using thematic analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, CNKI and WanFang. From 820 records, 50 studies met inclusion criteria, revealing five key themes: (1) sexual behaviors and perceived HIV risk; (2) PrEP-related stigma and homophobia; (3) history of HIV and other STI care engagement; (4) perceptions of PrEP efficacy, side-effects and adherence, and (5) structural and access barriers, including cost, health insurance and residential status. Improving PrEP uptake among Chinese SMM requires addressing sexual risk behaviors, societal stigma and structural barriers. Comprehensive education around PrEP, stigma reduction and financial support are crucial. Targeted public health initiatives and policy changes are necessary to enhance PrEP awareness, accessibility and adherence among Chinese SMM. Additionally, integrating PrEP education into existing HIV/STI care frameworks, and fostering supportive environments within healthcare settings can further mitigate barriers. There is a need to explore and promote alternative PrEP modalities, including on-demand (event-driven) PrEP and long-acting injectable PrEP, to better meet the diverse needs of Chinese SMM. Collaboration between government, healthcare providers and community organizations is essential to develop and implement effective strategies for increasing PrEP uptake and ensuring sustained HIV prevention efforts among Chinese SMM.

Keywords: bisexual, gay, GBMSM, HIV, MSM, pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP: China, review, sexual minority men.

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