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Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Taxonomic revision of a radiation of South-east Asian freshwater mussels (Unionidae : Gonideinae : Contradentini+Rectidentini)

John M. Pfeiffer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-0589 A E , Daniel L. Graf B , Kevin S. Cummings C and Lawrence M. Page D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA.

B Biology Department, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, 800 Reserve Street, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA.

C Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.

D Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

E Corresponding author. Email: pfeifferj@si.edu

Invertebrate Systematics 35(4) 394-470 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS20044
Submitted: 28 May 2020  Accepted: 23 September 2020   Published: 10 May 2021

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY

Abstract

The tribes Contradentini and Rectidentini (Unionidae) comprise a diverse clade of freshwater mussels endemic to South-east Asia. Our understanding of the diversity and phylogeny of this radiation has improved dramatically in recent years, but this systematic transformation has not yet benefited from comprehensive museum sampling or phylogenomic methods. A synthetic taxonomic revision of the Contradentini+Rectidentini that leverages these useful and accessible methods is needed. We set out to (1) generate a phylogenomic reconstruction of the supraspecific relationships of the Contradentini+Rectidentini using anchored hybrid enrichment, (2) revise the taxonomy and geographic boundaries of the generic and species-level diversity of the radiation, and (3) identify patterns of freshwater mussel diversity and distribution in this clade and discuss the processes that may have precipitated them. Our phylogenomic reconstruction using over 1600 loci, with a total alignment length of over a half a million nucleotides, recovers a well supported phylogeny of the clade that resolves four independent multispecies radiations endemic to the Mekong drainage. We examined, digitised, and imaged 1837 records from 15 natural history museums that provided the necessary data to document the morphological variation and geographic distributions of the focal taxa. We also analysed 860 COI sequences, 519 of which were generated in this study, to better understand the species boundaries and geographic distributions of the recovered clades. We recognise 54 valid species in the tribes Contradentini and Rectidentini, including 9 described herein as new to science. Out of this revision emerged several interesting biogeographic patterns that appear to have resulted from recent stream capture, historical confluence, and intradrainage barriers to dispersal. We hypothesise that these phenomena shaped the diversity and distribution of the Contradentini+Rectidentini, contributing to the formation of several characteristic freshwater mussel provinces in South-east Asia.


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