Despite the ecological importance of Nemestrinidae (tangle-veined flies), the taxonomy and the systematics of the group is poorly understood. In this study we aimed to assess the phylogenetic relationships and species diversity among three southern African genera from the subfamily Nemestrininae: Prosoeca, Moegistorhynchus and Stenobasipteron. Our findings suggest that ~50% of the studied diversity is currently undescribed and that a monophyletic Moegistorhynchus is sister group to a paraphyletic Prosoeca with Stenobasipteron nested inside Prosoeca. This study highlights the need for increased systematic work for this ecologically important group of flies.

The reddish sea slug Runcina ferruginea belongs to one of the lesser-known groups of sea slugs. Molecular and morphoanatomical information revealed the existence of four distinct species and a new genus: R. ferruginea, Runcina zavodniki, Runcina lupiaensis sp. nov. and Pseudoruncina marinae gen. et sp. nov. Our study exposes the hidden diversity among these small sea slugs and stresses the need for additional work to understand the diversity of this group of minute molluscs.

The family status of Pericambalidae that had previously been regarded as a subfamily of Cambalopsidae is recovered based on morphology and phylogeny. The genera and species from China are revised. The process of post-embryonic development is reported for the first time in this family. Variation of the gnathochilarium in Cambalidea is discussed and a key to the species of Pericambalidae in China is also provided. This research lays a foundation for further future revision of the suborder Cambalidea.