Infrageneric treatment of Phalaris (Canary grasses, Poaceae) based on molecular phylogenetics and floret structure
Stephanie M. Voshell A C , Riccardo M. Baldini B and Khidir W. Hilu A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
B Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, I-50121, Italy.
C Corresponding author. Email: svoshell@vt.edu
Australian Systematic Botany 28(6) 355-367 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB15025
Submitted: 30 May 2015 Accepted: 16 February 2016 Published: 10 May 2016
Abstract
Phalaris L. (Poaceae, canary grasses) is a genus of 20 species found throughout the world with endemic, cosmopolitan, invasive and forage species. A variety of features in the genus underscore its importance for the study of polyploid evolution in relation to biodiversity, ecological niche expansion or contraction, endemism, and invasiveness. A formal and comprehensive infrageneric classification for Phalaris is lacking. This study utilises molecular phylogenetics (nuclear ITS and plastid trnT–F regions), morphological features (primarily floret structure) and chromosome cytology to present the first comprehensive taxonomic classification for the genus. Two subgenera (Phalaris and Phalaroides) and five sections (Phalaris, Phalaroides, Caroliniana, Bulbophalaris, Heterachne) are established here to accommodate the 20 Phalaris species. Keys to the subgenera and sections, morphological descriptions, and a list of synonymy are provided.
References
Anderson DH (1961) Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Phalaris. Iowa State Journal of Science 36, 1–96.Baldini RM (1993) The genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae) in Italy. Webbia 47, 1–53.
| The genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae) in Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baldini RM (1995) Revision of the genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae). Webbia 49, 265–329.
| Revision of the genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baldini RM, Jarvis CE (1991) Typification of some Linnaean names in Phalaris (Gramineae). Taxon 40, 475–485.
| Typification of some Linnaean names in Phalaris (Gramineae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blake ST (1956) A synthetic new species of Phalaris (Gramineae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 67, 27–29.
Cheplick GP (1998) Seed dispersal and seedling establishment in grass populations. In ‘Population Biology of Grasses’. (Ed. GP Cheplick) pp. 84–105. (Cambridge University Press: New York)
Cousens R, Dytham C, Law R (2008) ‘Dispersal in Plants: a Population Perspective.’ (Oxford University Press: New York)
Covas G, Cialzeta C (1953) Alopoliploide sintetico del género Phalaris de possible valor económico como planta forrajera. IDIA 62, 8–10.
Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9, 772
| jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFWmsbfP&md5=05295880fd404aca6e6c641989659034CAS | 22847109PubMed |
Döring E, Albrecht J, Hilu KW, Röser M (2007) Phylogenetic relationships in the Aveneae/Poaceae complex (Pooideae, Poaceae). Kew Bulletin 62, 407–424.
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 214
| BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17996036PubMed |
Ferreira V, Reynoso L, Szpiniak B, Grassi E (2002) Cytological analysis of the Phalaris arundinacea L. × Phalaris aquatic L. amphidiploid. Caryologia 55, 151–160.
| Cytological analysis of the Phalaris arundinacea L. × Phalaris aquatic L. amphidiploid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Galatowitsch SM, Anderson NO, Ascher PD (1999) Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America. Wetlands 19, 733–755.
| Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hilu KW (2006) Skewed distribution of species number in grass genera: is it a taxonomic artifact? In ‘Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa’. (Eds T Hodkinson, JAN Parnell) pp. 165–176. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Hunziker JH, Stebbins GL (1987) Chromosomal evolution in the Gramineae. In ‘Grass Systematics and Evolution’. (Eds TR Soderstrom, KW Hilu, CS Campbell, MA Barkworth) pp. 179–187. (Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC)
Kim ES, Bolsheva NL, Samatadze TE, Nosov NN, Nosova IV, Zelenin AV, Punina EO, Muravenko OV, Rodionov AV (2009) The unique genome of two-chromosome grasses Zingeria and Colpodium, its origin, and evolution. Russian Journal of Genetics 45, 1329–1337.
| The unique genome of two-chromosome grasses Zingeria and Colpodium, its origin, and evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtl2ktrvN&md5=e2b30bc5df0b2da2f40e0249e6a598eeCAS |
Lamarck M (1778) ‘Flore francaise ou description su cincte de toutes les plantes qui croissant naturellement en France 3.’ pp. 566–567. (Imprimerie Royale, Paris)
Lamarck M (1783) ‘Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique 1.’ (Panckouche: Paris)
Lamarck M, de Candolle AP (1805) ‘Flore francaise 3.’ (H. Agasse: Paris)
Lavergne S, Molofsky J (2004) Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a biological model in the study of plant invasions. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 23, 415–429.
| Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a biological model in the study of plant invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Levy AA, Feldman M (2002) The impact of polyploidy on grass genome evolution. Plant Physiology 130, 1587–1593.
| The impact of polyploidy on grass genome evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktlak&md5=68225f7f76d6e6ba7131cc2ff853674fCAS | 12481041PubMed |
Linnaeus C (1753) ‘Species plantarum 1.’ (Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae, Sweden)
Linnaeus C (1755) Centuria I Plantarum. In ‘Amoenitates academicae 4’. pp. 264–265. (Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae, Sweden).
Linnaeus C (1763) ‘Species plantarum 2.’ (Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae, Sweden)
Linnaeus C (1767) ‘Systema naturae 2.’ (Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae, Sweden)
Linnaeus C (1771) ‘Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II.’ (Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae, Sweden)
Linnaeus C (1781) ‘Supplementum plantarum systematis vegetabilium editonis decimae tertiae, generum plantarum editionis sextae, et specierum plantarum editionis secundae, 106.’ (Impensis Orphanotrophei, Brunsvigae)
Matthioli PA (1554) Petri Petri Andreae Matthioli medici senensis commentarii. In ‘Libros sex pedacii dioscoridis anazarbei, de materia medica, adjectis quàm plurimis plantarum & animalium imaginibus, eodem authore’. pp. 918–919. (Joannis Koenig: Basileae, Switzerland)
Merigliano MF, Lesica P (1998) The native status of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in the inland Northwest, USA. Natural Areas Journal 18, 223–230.
Quintanar A, Castroviejo S, Catalán P (2007) Phylogeny of the tribe Aveneae (Pooideae, Poaceae) inferred from plastid trnT–F and nuclear ITS sequences. American Journal of Botany 94, 1554–1569.
| Phylogeny of the tribe Aveneae (Pooideae, Poaceae) inferred from plastid trnT–F and nuclear ITS sequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFaksb3P&md5=6274b29c5c39b7086339168d7de308deCAS | 21636521PubMed |
Saarela JM, Wysocki WP, Barrett CF, Soreng RJ, Davis JI, Clark LG, Kelchner SA, Pires JC, Edger PP, Mayfield DR, Duvall MR (2015) Plastid phylogenomics of the cool-season grass subfamily: clarification of relationships among early-diverging tribes. AoB Plants 7, plv046
| Plastid phylogenomics of the cool-season grass subfamily: clarification of relationships among early-diverging tribes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25940204PubMed |
Schneider J, Döring E, Hilu KW, Röser M (2009) Phylogenetic structure of the grass subfamily Pooideae based on comparison of plastid matK gene-3ʹ trnK exon and nuclear ITS sequences. Taxon 58, 405–424.
Soltis ES, Mavrodiev EV, Doyle JJ, Rauscher J, Soltis PS (2008) ITS and ETS sequence data and phylogeny reconstruction in allopolyploids and hybrids. Systematic Botany 33, 7–20.
| ITS and ETS sequence data and phylogeny reconstruction in allopolyploids and hybrids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soreng RJ, Peterson PM, Romaschenko K, Davidse G, Zuloaga FO, Judziewicz EJ, Filgueiras TS, Davis JI, Morrone O (2015) A worldwide classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 53, 117–137.
| A worldwide classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30, 1312–1313.
| RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmvFCjsbc%3D&md5=14c04a21f4955d6cf18f9de574bb4dfeCAS | 24451623PubMed |
Stebbins GL (1985) Polyploidy, hybridization, and the invasion of new habitats. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72, 824–832.
| Polyploidy, hybridization, and the invasion of new habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steudel ET (1841) ‘Nomenclator botanicus’, 2nd edn. (JG Cottae: Stuttgardtiae, Germany)
Steudel ET (1855) ‘Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1’, pp. 10–11. (JB Metzler: Stuttgardtiae)
Thomsen M, Brownell K, Groshek M, Kirsch E (2012) Control of reed canarygrass promotes wetland herb and tree seedling establishment in an upper Mississippi River floodplain forest. Wetlands 32, 543–555.
| Control of reed canarygrass promotes wetland herb and tree seedling establishment in an upper Mississippi River floodplain forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trinius CB (1820) Fundamenta Agrostographiae. In ‘Theoria constructionis floris graminei abjeta Synopsi Genera Graminum’. pp. 78–79. (J.G. Heubner: Vienna)
Trinius CB (1840) Phalaridea. Mémoires de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg. Sixieme Serie. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 2, 49–90.
Tzvelev NN (1974) Notae de gramineis florae URSS7. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastend 11, 79–80.
Tzvelev NN (1983) Part 1. Subtribe Phalaridinae Griseb. In ‘Grasses of the Soviet Union’. pp. 529–535. (Oxonian Press: New Delhi and Calcutta) [Reprint in English of the 1976 edition]
Voshell SM, Hilu KW (2014) Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): biogeography, molecular dating and the role of floret structure in dispersal. Molecular Ecology 23, 212–224.
| Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): biogeography, molecular dating and the role of floret structure in dispersal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXkslWk&md5=f7599327b58eafbabfae597cb9f08deeCAS | 24206057PubMed |
Voshell SM, Baldini RM, Kumar R, Tatalovich N, Hilu KW (2011) Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): molecular phylogentics, polyploidy and floret evolution. Taxon 60, 1306–1316.
